December, 2023 BPCG-173 : PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

                                                                          December, 2023

                                 BPCG-173 : PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

Time : 3 Hours                                                                                     Maximum Marks : 100 marks

Note : (1) Attempt any five questions.

(2) Answer at least two questions from each section.

(3) All questions carry equal marks.

(4) The word limit for each answer is about 400 words.

                                                                           Section—A

1. Explain the concept of health. Describe the medical model of health and illness. 10+10 marks

Ans: Block 1

Concept of Health

The concept of health has evolved significantly over time, moving beyond the traditional view of merely the absence of disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as “a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” . This definition underscores several key aspects of health:

1. Holistic Nature: Health encompasses multiple dimensions, including physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being. This holistic perspective recognizes that these aspects are interconnected and collectively contribute to an individual’s overall health.

2. Dynamic State: Health is not a static condition; it is subject to change over time due to various factors such as lifestyle choices, environmental influences, and personal circumstances. Individuals may experience fluctuations in their health status throughout their lives, reflecting the dynamic nature of well-being.

3. Cultural Perspectives: Different cultures have unique definitions and understandings of health, which can significantly influence health practices and beliefs. This cultural context is essential in shaping how individuals perceive and approach their health.

4. Subjective Experience: Health is also a subjective experience, meaning that individuals may have different perceptions of their health based on their experiences, beliefs, and values. This subjectivity highlights the importance of personal context in understanding health.

Medical Model of Health and Illness

The medical model of health and illness has been the dominant paradigm in healthcare for over two centuries. It is characterized by a reductionist approach that primarily focuses on biological aspects. Key features of the medical model include:

1. Biological Focus: The medical model emphasizes the physical and biological aspects of health, viewing the body as a machine that can be repaired when it malfunctions. It primarily considers physiological processes, genetic factors, and the presence of pathogens as determinants of health.

2. Disease-Centric: This model equates health with the absence of disease, focusing on diagnosing and treating specific illnesses rather than considering the broader context of an individual’s life. It often views health as a binary state: either a person is healthy, or they are not.

3. Reductionism: The medical model tends to break down health into its constituent parts, analyzing symptoms and diseases in isolation. This reductionist approach can overlook the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to health and illness.

4. Objective Measurement: The medical model relies heavily on objective measurements and diagnostic tools, such as laboratory tests and imaging studies, to assess health status. It prioritizes quantitative data over qualitative experiences.

5. Role of Healthcare Professionals: In this model, healthcare professionals, particularly physicians, are seen as the primary authority in diagnosing and treating illnesses. Patients are often viewed as passive recipients of care, with limited involvement in decision-making about their health.

In summary, while the medical model has been effective in addressing specific diseases, it has limitations due to its reductionist and disease-centric approach, highlighting the need for more holistic models of health that consider the interplay of various dimensions.

2. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : 10+10 marks

(a) Types and symptoms of stress

Ans: Block 2

Stress can be categorized into several types, each with distinct characteristics and symptoms. Understanding these types and their associated symptoms is essential for effective management.

Types of Stress

1. Acute Stress: This is the most common form of stress, arising from immediate challenges or pressures, such as a work deadline or a public speaking event. It is typically short-term and can be beneficial in motivating individuals to perform.

2. Chronic Stress: Unlike acute stress, chronic stress persists over a longer period, often resulting from ongoing issues such as financial problems, relationship difficulties, or job dissatisfaction. Chronic stress can lead to serious health issues if not addressed.

3. Eustress: This is positive stress that can motivate and energize individuals. It often occurs in situations perceived as exciting or challenging, such as starting a new job or planning a wedding.

4. Distress: This is negative stress that can lead to anxiety, depression, and various health problems. It arises when individuals feel overwhelmed by their circumstances.

Symptoms of Stress

Symptoms of stress can be categorized into four main areas:

– Physical Symptoms: These include headaches, fatigue, muscle tension, rapid heartbeat, and gastrointestinal issues.

– Emotional Symptoms: Individuals may experience irritability, anxiety, depression, and feelings of helplessness.

– Cognitive Symptoms: Stress can lead to difficulties in concentration, memory problems, and indecisiveness.

– Behavioral Symptoms: Changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, substance abuse, and withdrawal from social interactions are common behavioral responses to stress.

Recognizing these types and symptoms is crucial for identifying stress and implementing effective coping strategies.

(b) Moderators of stress

Ans: Block 2

Moderators of stress are factors that influence the relationship between stressors and an individual’s response to stress, either amplifying or mitigating its effects. Understanding these moderators is essential for effective stress management.

1. Social Support

Social support is a crucial moderator, as having a strong network of friends, family, or colleagues can provide emotional, informational, and practical assistance during stressful times. Individuals with robust social support systems often experience lower stress levels and better coping abilities.

2. Coping Strategies

The coping mechanisms employed by individuals significantly affect their stress responses. Adaptive strategies, such as problem-solving, seeking help, and positive reframing, can reduce stress, while maladaptive strategies, like avoidance or substance abuse, can worsen it.

3. Personality Traits

Personality characteristics play a vital role in stress perception and management. Traits such as resilience, optimism, and emotional stability can enhance an individual’s ability to cope with stress, whereas high levels of neuroticism or pessimism may increase vulnerability to stress.

4. Environmental Factors

The surrounding environment, including workplace culture and living conditions, can moderate stress levels. Supportive environments can buffer against stress, while high-pressure or toxic settings can exacerbate it.

5. Physical Health

An individual’s physical health status can impact their stress resilience. Good health, maintained through exercise and proper nutrition, can enhance coping abilities, while chronic health issues may heighten stress sensitivity.

In summary, these moderators play a significant role in shaping how individuals experience and manage stress, highlighting the importance of a supportive environment and effective coping strategies.

3. Explain Yoga as a technique of stress management. 20 marks

Ans: Block 3

Yoga is a holistic practice that combines physical postures, breathing exercises, meditation, and ethical principles to promote overall well-being and stress management. Originating in ancient

India, yoga is derived from the Sanskrit word “yuj,” meaning “to unite,” and emphasizes the connection between the body, mind, and spirit. As a technique for managing stress, yoga offers a multifaceted approach that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of stress.
One of the primary components of yoga is Asanas, or physical postures, which help to improve flexibility, strength, and balance. Practicing these postures can release physical tension stored in the body, promoting relaxation and reducing the physiological effects of stress. Asanas also encourage mindfulness, as individuals focus on their movements and bodily sensations, fostering a greater awareness of the present moment.
Pranayama, or breath control, is another essential aspect of yoga that plays a significant role in stress management. Through various breathing techniques, individuals can regulate their breath, which directly influences the autonomic nervous system. Deep, controlled breathing activates the parasympathetic nervous system, promoting relaxation and reducing the production of stress hormones like cortisol. This physiological response helps to counteract the fight-or-flight reaction often triggered by stress.
In addition to physical postures and breathwork, yoga incorporates meditation and mindfulness practices that enhance self-awareness and emotional regulation. By encouraging individuals to observe their thoughts and feelings without judgment, yoga cultivates a sense of inner peace and acceptance. This mental clarity can help individuals identify stressors and develop healthier coping strategies, ultimately leading to improved emotional resilience.

Yoga also emphasizes the importance of ethical principles, such as non-violence (ahimsa) and truthfulness (satya), which can foster a more compassionate and balanced approach to life. By integrating these values into daily living, individuals may experience reduced stress and enhanced interpersonal relationships.
Research has shown that regular yoga practice can lead to significant reductions in stress, anxiety, and depression. Studies indicate that individuals who practice yoga report lower levels of perceived stress and improved overall mental health. Furthermore, yoga can enhance sleep quality, boost mood, and increase feelings of well-being.

In summary, yoga is an effective technique for stress management that combines physical postures, breath control, meditation, and ethical principles. By promoting relaxation, self-awareness, and emotional regulation, yoga helps individuals develop resilience against stress and fosters a greater sense of balance and harmony in their lives.

4. Explain the factors associated with obesity. Describe feeding and eating disorders as per DSM-5. 10+10 marks

Ans: Block 4

Obesity is a complex condition influenced by a multitude of factors, including genetic, environmental, psychological, and behavioral components. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies.

Factors Associated with Obesity:

1. Genetic Factors: Genetics play a significant role in determining body weight and fat distribution. Certain genetic predispositions can affect metabolism, appetite regulation, and the body’s ability to store fat, making some individuals more susceptible to obesity than others.

2. Environmental Influences: The environment significantly impacts dietary habits and physical activity levels. Factors such as the availability of healthy food options, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms can influence eating behaviors. Urbanization and the prevalence of fast food contribute to unhealthy dietary patterns.

3. Psychological Factors: Emotional and psychological issues, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, can lead to overeating or unhealthy eating behaviors as a coping mechanism. Individuals may use food for comfort, leading to weight gain and obesity.

4. Behavioral Factors: Lifestyle choices, including sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity, are critical contributors to obesity. The rise of technology and screen time has led to decreased physical activity levels, while high-calorie, low-nutrient foods are often more accessible and affordable.

5. Hormonal and Metabolic Factors: Hormonal imbalances, such as those involving insulin and leptin, can affect hunger and satiety signals, leading to overeating. Metabolic disorders can also influence how the body processes and stores energy.

Feeding and Eating Disorders as per DSM-5:

The DSM-5 classifies several feeding and eating disorders, which are characterized by persistent disturbances in eating behavior and related thoughts and emotions. Key disorders include:

1. Anorexia Nervosa: This disorder is marked by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading to self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss. Individuals often have a significantly low body weight and may engage in restrictive eating or excessive exercise.

2. Bulimia Nervosa: Characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as vomiting, excessive exercise, or fasting. Individuals with bulimia often maintain a normal weight but struggle with feelings of shame and guilt related to their eating behaviors.
   3. Binge-Eating Disorder: This disorder involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors. Individuals may eat large quantities of food in a short period, often feeling a loss of control during these episodes. This disorder is associated with obesity and can lead to significant distress.

   4. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): Previously known as selective eating disorder, ARFID involves a lack of interest in food or avoidance of certain foods based on sensory characteristics, leading to significant nutritional deficiencies and weight loss.

   These disorders highlight the intricate relationship between psychological factors and eating behaviors, emphasizing the need for comprehensive treatment approaches that address both mental health and nutritional needs .

                                                                           Section—B

   5. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : 10+10 marks

   (a) Proactive and avoidant coping

   Ans: Block 3

   Proactive Coping is a coping style characterized by taking initiative to address potential stressors before they escalate. Individuals employing proactive coping actively seek to understand and prepare for challenges by accumulating resources, anticipating stressors, and developing strategies to manage them. This approach involves several stages, including resource accumulation, identifying potential stressors, initial appraisal, preliminary coping efforts, and seeking feedback. Proactive coping is associated with positive outcomes, as it fosters resilience, enhances problem-solving skills, and reduces the likelihood of stress-related issues.

   Avoidant Coping, in contrast, involves evading or minimizing the significance of stressors. Individuals using this coping style may distract themselves, deny the existence of the stressor, or engage in behaviors that divert attention from the problem. While avoidant coping can provide temporary relief from stress, it often leads to unresolved issues and may exacerbate feelings of anxiety and helplessness over time. This style can manifest in various forms, such as procrastination or substance use, and is generally linked to negative psychological outcomes, including increased distress and decreased self-efficacy. Overall, proactive coping is more effective for long-term stress management compared to avoidant coping.

   (b) Mindfulness and Biofeedback

   Ans: Block 3

   Mindfulness is a mental practice that involves maintaining a heightened awareness of the present moment, focusing on thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and the surrounding

   environment without judgment. Rooted in ancient meditation traditions, mindfulness encourages individuals to observe their experiences with curiosity and acceptance, fostering emotional regulation and reducing stress. By cultivating mindfulness, individuals can break free from automatic, habitual responses to stressors, leading to improved mental clarity, enhanced focus, and greater resilience. Research has shown that regular mindfulness practice can lead to significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and stress, promoting overall well-being.

   Biofeedback is a technique that uses electronic monitoring devices to provide real-time feedback on physiological functions, such as heart rate, muscle tension, and brain activity. This non-invasive approach allows individuals to gain awareness of their bodily processes and learn to control them consciously. By understanding how stress affects their bodies, individuals can employ relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, to manage physiological responses to stress. Biofeedback has been shown to improve stress management, enhance self-regulation, and promote resilience. It is often used in clinical settings to help individuals cope with conditions like anxiety, chronic pain, and hypertension, making it a valuable tool for stress management.

   6. Elucidate substance use, with a focus on tobacco consumption and drug abuse. 20 marks
      
      Ans: Block 4
      
      Substance use encompasses a range of behaviors involving the consumption of psychoactive substances, which can lead to addiction and various health issues. Among these substances, tobacco and illicit drugs are particularly concerning due to their widespread use and significant impact on public health.

    

   Tobacco Consumption:

   Tobacco is one of the most commonly used substances worldwide, primarily consumed through smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, as well as through smokeless forms like chewing tobacco and snuff. The primary psychoactive component in tobacco is nicotine, which is highly addictive. Tobacco consumption is linked to numerous health risks, including various forms of cancer (lung, mouth, throat), cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

   The health consequences of tobacco use extend beyond the individual smoker. Secondhand smoke exposure poses significant risks to non-smokers, particularly children and pregnant women, leading to respiratory issues and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Public health initiatives aimed at reducing tobacco use include education campaigns, smoking bans in public places, and support for cessation programs. Despite these efforts, tobacco remains a leading cause of preventable death globally.

   Drug Abuse:
   

   Drug abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including illicit drugs and the misuse of prescription medications. Commonly abused drugs include opioids (e.g., heroin, prescription painkillers), stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine), and hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, ecstasy). The misuse of these substances can lead to physical dependence, addiction, and a range of negative health outcomes, including overdose and death .

   The impact of drug abuse extends beyond individual health, affecting families, communities, and society at large. Drug abuse is often associated with increased crime rates, economic costs related to healthcare and law enforcement, and social issues such as homelessness and family disruption. The stigma surrounding drug addiction can hinder individuals from seeking help, making it essential to promote understanding and support for those affected.

   Effective treatment for substance use disorders typically involves a combination of medical, psychological, and social interventions. Approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication-assisted treatment, and support groups can help individuals recover from addiction and reintegrate into society.

   In summary, substance use, particularly tobacco consumption and drug abuse, poses significant challenges to public health. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive strategies that encompass prevention, education, treatment, and support to mitigate the adverse effects on individuals and communities .

   7. Explain diabetes, cancer and AIDS as chronic illnesses. 20 marks

   Ans: Block 4

   Chronic illnesses are long-lasting health conditions that often require ongoing management and can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Three prominent examples of chronic illnesses are diabetes, cancer, and AIDS, each with unique characteristics and management strategies.

   Diabetes:

   Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to the body’s inability to produce or effectively use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1, which is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, and Type 2, which is often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors, where the body becomes resistant to insulin. Chronic diabetes can lead to severe complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, nerve damage, and vision problems. Management typically involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, and medication or insulin therapy to maintain blood sugar within a target range .

   Cancer:

   Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. It can affect any part of the body and is classified into various types, including carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. The exact cause of cancer can vary, with factors such as genetics, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices (e.g., smoking, diet) playing significant roles. Treatment for cancer often involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the disease. Survivorship can lead to long-term health issues, including physical, emotional, and financial challenges, necessitating ongoing care and support .

   AIDS:

   Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the advanced stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, which attacks the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. AIDS is characterized by a severely weakened immune response, leading to life-threatening conditions. While there is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively manage the virus, allowing individuals to live longer, healthier lives. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial in preventing the progression to AIDS and improving the quality of life for those affected. Additionally, ongoing education and support are essential to combat stigma and promote adherence to treatment .

   In summary, diabetes, cancer, and AIDS are significant chronic illnesses that require comprehensive management strategies. Each condition presents unique challenges, but with appropriate medical care, lifestyle adjustments, and support systems, individuals can lead fulfilling lives despite their diagnoses.
   
   8. What is work-life balance ? Explain the components of gainful employment. 6+14 marks
   
   Ans: Block 4

   Work-Life Balance:

   Work-life balance refers to the equilibrium between an individual’s professional responsibilities and personal life. It involves managing time and energy effectively to ensure that work commitments do not overwhelm personal interests, family obligations, and leisure activities. Achieving a healthy work-life balance is essential for overall well-being, as it can reduce stress, prevent burnout, and enhance job satisfaction. In today’s fast-paced world, where demands from work and personal life often compete for attention, maintaining this balance has become increasingly challenging. Factors such as long working hours, the rise of remote work, and the expectations of constant connectivity can disrupt this balance, leading to negative health outcomes and decreased productivity .

   To achieve work-life balance, individuals must prioritize their responsibilities, set boundaries, and engage in self-care practices. This may include flexible work arrangements, time management strategies, and open communication with employers about workload and expectations. Ultimately, a satisfactory work-life balance contributes to a sense of fulfillment and happiness, allowing individuals to thrive both personally and professionally.

   Components of Gainful Employment:
   Gainful employment refers to work that provides individuals with a sustainable income and contributes positively to their overall well-being. Several key components characterize gainful employment:
   Job Security: A stable job that offers long-term employment prospects is crucial for financial security and peace of mind. Job security allows individuals to plan for the future without the constant fear of unemployment.

   Fair Compensation: Adequate remuneration for work performed is essential. Fair compensation not only meets basic financial needs but also reflects the value of the employee’s skills and contributions to the organization.

   Benefits and Support: Gainful employment often includes additional benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, paid leave, and professional development opportunities. These benefits enhance job satisfaction and support employees’ overall well-being.

   Work Environment: A positive and inclusive work environment fosters collaboration, respect, and support among colleagues. A healthy workplace culture contributes to employee morale and productivity.

   Opportunities for Growth: Gainful employment should provide opportunities for career advancement and skill development. Employees who can grow within their roles are more likely to feel engaged and motivated.

   Work-Life Integration: Employers who recognize the importance of work-life balance and offer flexible work arrangements contribute to gainful employment. This integration allows employees to manage their personal and professional lives effectively.

   In summary, work-life balance is vital for personal well-being, while gainful employment encompasses job security, fair compensation, supportive benefits, a positive work environment, growth opportunities, and work-life integration. Together, these elements contribute to a fulfilling and sustainable professional life.