December, 2021
BPCG-173 : PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTH AND WELLBEING
Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100 marks
Note : (i) Answer any five questions. (ii) Answer at least two questions from each section. (iii) All questions carry equal marks. (iv) The word limit for each answer is 400 words
SECTION A
1. Explain the concept of health. Describe cross-cultural perspectives on health. 10+10 marks
Ans: Block 1
The concept of health is multifaceted and varies significantly across different cultures and societies. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as “a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” . This definition emphasizes that health encompasses more than just physical conditions; it includes mental and social dimensions as well.
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Health
In Western societies, health is often viewed through a biomedical lens, focusing on the absence of disease and the physiological aspects of health. This perspective tends to prioritize medical interventions and treatments, emphasizing scientific and technological advancements in healthcare. Health is frequently associated with individual responsibility, where lifestyle choices and behaviors are seen as critical factors influencing health outcomes .
Eastern cultures, on the other hand, may adopt a more holistic view of health. This perspective often integrates spiritual and emotional well-being into the understanding of health. For instance, traditional practices such as Ayurveda in India or Traditional Chinese Medicine emphasize balance and harmony within the body and with the environment. Health is seen as a state of equilibrium, where physical, mental, and spiritual aspects are interconnected .
In India, health is often influenced by cultural beliefs such as Karma, which attributes health outcomes to past actions and moral conduct. Patients with chronic illnesses may interpret their conditions through the lens of karmic factors, which contrasts with the more individualistic approach seen in Western cultures. This cultural belief system significantly shapes how health and illness are perceived and managed in Indian society .
Overall, these cross-cultural perspectives highlight that health is not a one-size-fits-all concept; it is deeply influenced by cultural beliefs, societal norms, and individual experiences. Understanding these diverse perspectives is essential for providing effective healthcare and promoting well-being across different populations .
2. Describe the nature and sources of stress. 10+10 marks
Ans: Block 2
The nature of stress is complex, involving both psychological and physiological responses to perceived demands or threats. Stress is often defined as a relationship between an individual and their environment, where the individual perceives the demands as exceeding their resources, leading to feelings of anxiety and tension. While stress is commonly viewed negatively, it can also serve as a motivator, pushing individuals to achieve goals and perform better. However, when stress levels become excessive, they can interfere with daily functioning and overall well-being , .
Stress can be categorized into different types, including eustress (positive stress that enhances performance), neustress (neutral stress that does not significantly affect the individual), and distress (negative stress that can lead to harmful effects). The document emphasizes that a certain level of stress is necessary for motivation and growth, but it is crucial to manage stress effectively to prevent it from becoming overwhelming .
The sources of stress can be broadly classified into three main categories:
In summary, the nature of stress involves a dynamic interplay of motivational and detrimental factors, while its sources include frustration, conflicting motives, and external pressures. Understanding these aspects is essential for effective stress management and maintaining
overall well-being, allowing individuals to navigate life’s challenges more successfully.
3. Describe various factors contributing to stress proneness. 20 marks
Ans: Block 2
Stress proneness refers to an individual’s tendency to experience stress more readily than others. Several factors contribute to this predisposition, which can be broadly categorized into personality traits, environmental influences, and cognitive patterns. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective coping strategies and enhancing resilience.
– Type A Personality: Individuals with a Type A personality are often characterized by competitiveness, urgency, and a high level of ambition. This personality type is more prone to stress due to their relentless pursuit of goals and tendency to feel overwhelmed by time pressures and responsibilities .
– Perfectionism: Perfectionists set excessively high standards for themselves and may experience stress when they perceive they are not meeting these standards. This constant striving for flawlessness can lead to chronic stress and dissatisfaction .
– Hostility: A hostile personality, marked by cynicism and aggression, can increase stress levels. Such individuals may interpret situations negatively and react with anger, leading to heightened stress responses .
– Negative Thinking: Individuals who engage in negative thinking or catastrophizing—expecting the worst possible outcomes—are more likely to experience stress. This cognitive distortion can amplify stress responses and hinder effective problem-solving .
– Learned Helplessness: This concept refers to a state where individuals feel powerless to change their circumstances due to past experiences of failure. Those with learned helplessness may be more prone to stress because they believe their efforts will not lead to positive outcomes .
– Life Events: Major life changes, such as divorce, job loss, or the death of a loved one, can significantly increase stress levels. The cumulative effect of multiple stressors can lead to heightened stress proneness .
– Social Support: A lack of social support can contribute to stress proneness. Individuals who feel isolated or unsupported may struggle to cope with stressors effectively, leading to increased vulnerability to stress .
– Genetic Predisposition: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to anxiety and stress-related disorders, making them more susceptible to stress .
– Physiological Responses: Variations in how individuals’ bodies respond to stress, such as differences in hormone levels or autonomic nervous system responses, can also influence stress proneness .
In summary, stress proneness is influenced by a combination of personality traits, cognitive patterns, environmental factors, and biological predispositions. Recognizing these factors can help individuals develop strategies to manage stress more effectively and enhance their resilience in the face of challenges.
4. Discuss the effect of stress on health and relationships. 10+10 marks
Ans: Block 2
Stress can have profound effects on both physical health and interpersonal relationships, creating a cycle that can exacerbate both issues. Understanding these effects is crucial for managing stress and maintaining overall well-being.
Effects of Stress on Health
– Cardiovascular Issues: Chronic stress is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, hypertension, and stroke. Stress triggers the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which can elevate heart rate and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems .
– Immune System Suppression: Prolonged stress can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. Stress can inhibit the production of immune cells, reducing the body’s ability to fight off pathogens .
– Gastrointestinal Problems: Stress can lead to digestive issues such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcers, and acid reflux. The gut-brain connection means that stress can significantly impact gastrointestinal function and health .
– Mental Health Disorders: Chronic stress is a significant risk factor for anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders. It can lead to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, contributing to a cycle of stress and mental health decline .
2. Behavioral Changes: Stress can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as overeating, substance abuse, or smoking, which can further deteriorate physical health. These behaviors can create a vicious cycle where stress leads to unhealthy habits, which in turn exacerbate stress-related health issues .
Effects of Stress on Relationships
1. Interpersonal Conflicts: Stress can lead to irritability and mood swings, making individuals more prone to conflicts with family, friends, and colleagues. Increased tension can result in arguments and misunderstandings, straining relationships .
2. Communication Breakdown: High stress levels can impair communication skills, leading to withdrawal or avoidance behaviors. Individuals may find it challenging to express their feelings or needs, resulting in feelings of isolation and frustration within relationships .
3. Reduced Quality Time: Stress often leads individuals to prioritize work or other stressors over personal relationships. This can result in decreased quality time spent with loved ones, leading to feelings of neglect and disconnection .
4. Support Systems: On the flip side, strong social support can mitigate the effects of stress. However, if stress leads to withdrawal from social interactions, individuals may lose valuable support networks, making it harder to cope with stressors .
5. Long-term Relationship Strain: Over time, chronic stress can lead to significant relationship issues, including separation or divorce. The cumulative effect of unresolved stress and conflict can erode the foundation of trust and intimacy in relationships .
In summary, stress has far-reaching effects on both health and relationships. It can lead to serious physical health issues and create significant interpersonal challenges. Recognizing and addressing stress is essential for maintaining both personal well-being and healthy relationships. Effective stress management strategies, such as mindfulness, exercise, and open communication, can help mitigate these effects and promote a healthier, more balanced life.
SECTION B
5. Define coping and explain various coping styles. 6+14 marks
Ans: Block 3
Coping can be defined as the cognitive and behavioral efforts made by individuals to manage,
endure, or reduce the internal and external demands posed by stressful situations. According to Lazarus and Folkman (1980), coping involves both conscious and unconscious strategies aimed at overcoming or alleviating stressors. Effective coping can lead to recovery and adaptation, while ineffective coping may exacerbate stress and lead to negative health outcomes.
Coping styles can be categorized into several types, each with distinct approaches to managing stress:
Proactive Coping: This style involves directly confronting the stressor and taking action to address it. Individuals using proactive coping accumulate resources, anticipate potential stressors, and develop strategies to manage them effectively. This approach is often beneficial in the long run as it encourages problem-solving and resilience.
Avoidant Coping: As the name suggests, avoidant coping involves evading the stressor or minimizing its importance. Individuals may distract themselves or engage in denial, which can provide temporary relief but may lead to unresolved issues and increased stress over time.
Emotion-Focused Coping: This style centers on managing emotional responses to stress rather than addressing the stressor itself. Techniques may include seeking emotional support, engaging in relaxation techniques, or reframing negative thoughts. While it can help alleviate immediate emotional distress, it may not resolve the underlying problem.
Problem-Focused Coping: This approach involves identifying the source of the problem and taking steps to modify or eliminate it. Strategies may include time management, seeking help from others, and planning. Problem-focused coping is generally considered effective as it directly addresses the root cause of stress.
Appraisal-Focused Coping: Proposed by Carver and Connor-Smith, this style involves challenging and reappraising one’s perceptions of the stressor. Cognitive reappraisal can help individuals view stressors in a more manageable light, reducing their emotional impact.
Combative and Preventive Coping: Combative coping focuses on actively removing the stressor, while preventive coping involves taking steps to avoid potential stressors before they arise.
In summary, coping is a multifaceted process that varies among individuals based on personality, resources, and situational factors. Understanding different coping styles can help individuals choose effective strategies to manage stress and enhance their overall well-being.
6. Describe time management as a technique for managing stress. 20 marks
Ans: Block 3
Time management is a crucial technique for managing stress, as it involves the effective
organization and allocation of time to various tasks and responsibilities. By prioritizing and scheduling activities, individuals can reduce feelings of overwhelm and enhance their productivity, leading to a more balanced and less stressful life.
At its core, time management encompasses several key components: prioritization, scheduling, and execution. Prioritization involves identifying tasks based on their urgency and importance, allowing individuals to focus on what truly matters. The time management matrix, popularized by Stephen Covey, categorizes tasks into four quadrants: urgent and important, important but not urgent, urgent but not important, and neither urgent nor important. This framework helps individuals allocate their time effectively, ensuring that they concentrate on tasks that align with their long-term goals while minimizing time spent on less significant activities.
Scheduling is another vital aspect of time management. By creating a structured plan for the day or week, individuals can allocate specific time blocks for tasks, reducing the likelihood of procrastination and last-minute stress. Techniques such as time blocking, where dedicated periods are set aside for specific activities, can enhance focus and efficiency. Additionally, using planners or digital tools can help individuals visualize their commitments and deadlines, making it easier to stay organized.
Execution refers to the actual implementation of the planned tasks. Effective time management requires motivation and discipline to follow through with the schedule. Self-rewarding for completing tasks can serve as a motivational tool, encouraging individuals to stay on track. Moreover, breaking larger tasks into smaller, manageable steps can alleviate feelings of being overwhelmed, making it easier to progress.
Another important aspect of time management is the identification and elimination of time-wasters. This includes minimizing distractions, such as excessive social media use or unnecessary meetings, which can consume valuable time and contribute to stress. By recognizing and addressing these time-wasting activities, individuals can create a more productive environment.
In summary, time management serves as a powerful technique for managing stress by promoting organization, prioritization, and efficient execution of tasks. By effectively managing their time, individuals can reduce feelings of overwhelm, enhance productivity, and ultimately create a more balanced and fulfilling life. This proactive approach not only alleviates stress but also fosters a sense of control and accomplishment.
7. Describe the problems related to sexual health. 20 marks
Ans: Block 4
Problems related to sexual health encompass a wide range of issues that can affect individuals physically, psychologically, and socially. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sexual health is defined as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in relation to
sexuality, which requires a positive and respectful approach to sexual relationships and the ability to have pleasurable and safe sexual experiences free from coercion, discrimination, and violence .
One of the primary concerns in sexual health is the prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). These infections can be transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected individual. Common STIs include Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Hepatitis B, and Herpes, which are viral infections, as well as bacterial infections like Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Chlamydia . The impact of STIs can be severe, leading to long-term health complications such as infertility, chronic pain, and increased susceptibility to other infections.
Another significant issue is sexual dysfunction, which can manifest as difficulties in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm. This can affect individuals of all genders and may be influenced by psychological factors such as anxiety, depression, or relationship issues, as well as physical health conditions . The stigma surrounding sexual dysfunction often prevents individuals from seeking help, exacerbating the problem.
Reproductive health issues, including unintended pregnancies and complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, also fall under the umbrella of sexual health problems. Unintended pregnancies can lead to emotional distress and may result in decisions regarding abortion, which can have further psychological implications .
Moreover, sexual violence and harmful practices, such as female genital mutilation, are critical concerns that violate individuals’ sexual rights and can lead to severe physical and psychological trauma .
The problems related to sexual health are not only individual concerns but also reflect broader societal issues, including access to education, healthcare, and resources for sexual health. Addressing these problems requires a comprehensive approach that includes education, open communication about sexual health, and access to appropriate healthcare services .
In summary, sexual health problems are multifaceted and can significantly impact individuals’ overall well-being. Addressing these issues is essential for promoting healthier relationships and improving the quality of life for individuals and communities alike.
8. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : 10+10 marks
(a) Gainful Employment
Ans: Block 4
Gainful Employment
Gainful employment refers to work that provides not only financial compensation but also contributes positively to an individual’s overall well-being and quality of life. It encompasses various aspects, including job satisfaction, personal fulfillment, and the development of skills and strengths. The concept emphasizes the importance of aligning one’s work with personal values and goals, leading to a sense of purpose and identity.
According to Snyder, Lopez, and Pedrotti (2011), gainful employment includes nine components, such as happiness and satisfaction derived from work, opportunities for personal growth, and the ability to contribute to society. It is recognized that meaningful work can enhance mental health, reduce stress, and foster a sense of community and belonging.
Moreover, gainful employment is linked to economic stability, as it provides individuals with the resources necessary to support themselves and their families. It also plays a crucial role in societal development by promoting productivity and innovation. In today’s rapidly changing job market, fostering gainful employment involves not only securing jobs but also ensuring that these positions are fulfilling and supportive of individuals’ aspirations and well-being. Thus, promoting gainful employment is essential for both personal and societal progress.
(b) Acute and Chronic Pain
Ans: Block 4
Acute and Chronic Pain
Pain is a complex and subjective experience that can be categorized into two main types: acute pain and chronic pain.
Acute Pain is typically a short-term sensation that arises suddenly in response to a specific injury or illness. It serves a protective function, alerting individuals to potential harm and prompting them to take action, such as seeking medical attention or avoiding further injury. Acute pain usually lasts for a few days to a few weeks and diminishes as the underlying cause heals. Common examples include pain from a sprained ankle, surgical procedures, or a broken bone. Treatment often involves medications, physical therapy, and rest.
Chronic Pain, on the other hand, persists for an extended period, often defined as lasting longer than three to six months. It may arise from an initial injury or may occur without any identifiable cause, such as in conditions like fibromyalgia or arthritis. Chronic pain can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, leading to emotional distress, anxiety, and depression. Management of chronic pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach, including medication, physical therapy, psychological support, and lifestyle modifications.
Understanding the differences between acute and chronic pain is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment, ensuring that individuals receive appropriate care tailored to their specific needs.