BPSC-134 June 2022 Introduction to International Relations Question Paper with Answer

BPSC-134 June 2022 QP

BACHELOR OF ARTS (GENERAL) (BAG)

Term-End Examination June, 2022

BPSC-134 : INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Time : 3 Hours                                                                                                   Maximum Marks : 100

Note : Answer any five questions in about 400 words each. Each question is of 20 marks.
Attempt at least two questions from each Section.

Section—I

1. Elaborate on the concepts of balance of power and collective security. 20
Answer:

Balance of power and collective security are two important concepts in the study of International
Relations. While they share some similarities, they also have distinct differences in their
approach to promoting international peace and security.

Balance of power refers to the distribution of power among states in the international system. It
is based on the assumption that states are rational actors who seek to maximize their security
and survival. The balance of power theory argues that when one state becomes too powerful, it
poses a threat to the security of other states. Therefore, states seek to maintain a balance of
power by forming alliances, building military capabilities, and engaging in diplomacy.

The balance of power theory assumes that states are primarily motivated by self-interest and
that conflict is an inherent feature of the international system. It emphasizes the importance of
military capabilities and deterrence in maintaining stability. The balance of power theory has
been influential in shaping the behavior of states in the international system, particularly during
the Cold War.

Collective security, on the other hand, is a security arrangement in which states cooperate to
provide security to all members of the group. It is based on the principle that an attack on one
state is an attack on all states in the group. Collective security seeks to prevent conflicts by
providing a collective response to aggression or threats to peace.

Collective security is based on the assumption that states can overcome their self-interest and
work together for the common good. It emphasizes the importance of international law,
diplomacy, and peaceful conflict resolution. Collective security has been promoted through
international organizations such as the United Nations and the African Union.

While balance of power and collective security share the goal of promoting international peace
and security, they have different approaches to achieving this goal. Balance of power
emphasizes the importance of military capabilities and deterrence, while collective security
emphasizes the importance of cooperation and diplomacy. Balance of power assumes that
conflict is inevitable and seeks to manage it through power relations, while collective security
seeks to prevent conflict through collective action.

In conclusion, balance of power and collective security are two important concepts in the study
of International Relations. While they have different approaches to promoting international
peace and security, they both recognize the importance of managing conflict and preventing
aggression. The choice between these two approaches depends on the specific context and the
goals of the states involved.

2. Explain the significant tenets of classical realism. 20
Answer:
Classical realism is a theoretical perspective in the field of International Relations that
emphasizes the role of power, self-interest, and the struggle for survival in shaping state
behavior and the dynamics of international relations. It emerged in the aftermath of World War I
and was further developed during the Cold War. The following are the significant tenets of
classical realism:

1. The primacy of the state: Classical realism emphasizes the importance of the state as the
primary actor in international relations. States are seen as rational actors who seek to maximize
their power and security in a world of anarchy. The state is the ultimate authority and has the
responsibility to protect its citizens and promote their interests.

2. The role of power: Classical realism emphasizes the importance of power in shaping state
behavior and the dynamics of international relations. Power is defined as the ability to influence
others and achieve one’s goals. States seek to acquire and maintain power through military
capabilities, alliances, and diplomacy.

3. The struggle for survival: Classical realism argues that the international system is
characterized by a struggle for survival. States are in a constant state of competition and
conflict, as they seek to protect their interests and security. The international system is seen as
anarchic, with no central authority to regulate state behavior.

4. The importance of self-interest: Classical realism emphasizes the importance of self-interest
in shaping state behavior. States are seen as rational actors who pursue their interests and
seek to maximize their power and security. The pursuit of self-interest can lead to conflict and
competition among states.

5. The limits of morality: Classical realism argues that morality has limited relevance in
international relations. States are not bound by moral principles and are free to pursue their
interests through any means necessary. The use of force and coercion is seen as a legitimate
tool of statecraft.

6. The role of diplomacy: Classical realism recognizes the importance of diplomacy in managing
conflict and promoting stability. Diplomacy is seen as a means of achieving one’s goals without
resorting to force. However, diplomacy is also seen as a tool of power, as states use it to
advance their interests and gain advantages over other states.

In conclusion, classical realism is a theoretical perspective in International Relations that
emphasizes the role of power, self-interest, and the struggle for survival in shaping state
behavior and the dynamics of international relations. It provides a valuable framework for
understanding the complexities and challenges of the international system. While it has faced
criticism for its emphasis on power and self-interest, classical realism remains a significant
perspective in the study of International Relations.

3. Explain the origin and major versions of Dependency Theory. 20
Answer:
Dependency theory is a theoretical perspective in the field of International Relations that
emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as a critique of traditional liberal theories of development. It
argues that the underdevelopment of certain countries is a result of their economic and political
dependence on more developed countries. The following are the origin and major versions of
Dependency Theory:

1. Origins: Dependency theory emerged in Latin America during the 1950s and 1960s as a
response to the economic and political challenges faced by developing countries. It was
influenced by Marxist and neo-Marxist theories, which emphasized the role of capitalism and
imperialism in shaping international relations. Dependency theory challenged the traditional
liberal approach to development, which focused on economic growth and modernization.

2. Moderate version: The moderate version of dependency theory was developed by Raul
Prebisch, an Argentine economist. He argued that the global economic system was
characterized by unequal exchange, where developing countries were forced to export raw
materials at low prices and import manufactured goods at high prices. This led to a cycle of
underdevelopment and dependency, as developing countries were unable to industrialize and
compete with more developed countries.

3. Radical version: The radical version of dependency theory was developed by Andre Gunder
Frank, a German economist. He argued that underdevelopment was not a result of external
factors alone, but also of internal factors such as the structure of the economy and the role of
elites. He argued that developing countries needed to break free from their dependence on
more developed countries and pursue their own path of development.

4. World Systems theory: The World Systems theory was developed by Immanuel Wallerstein,
an American sociologist. He argued that the global economic system was characterized by a
core-periphery structure, where the core countries dominated the periphery countries. He
argued that the global economic system was a single unit, with the core countries exploiting the
periphery countries for their resources and labor. He argued that the only way for developing
countries to break free from their dependence was to challenge the global economic system and
create their own alternative system.

In conclusion, Dependency theory is a theoretical perspective in International Relations that
emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as a critique of traditional liberal theories of development. It
argues that the underdevelopment of certain countries is a result of their economic and political
dependence on more developed countries. The moderate, radical, and World Systems versions
of Dependency theory provide different approaches to understanding and addressing the issue
of dependency.

4. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : 10 each

(a) Truman’s doctrine
Answer:
Truman Doctrine was a foreign policy initiative announced by US President Harry S. Truman in
1947. It was a response to the growing threat of Soviet expansionism in Europe and the Middle
East. The Truman Doctrine was based on the idea of containment, which aimed to prevent the
spread of communism beyond its existing borders. The doctrine provided military and economic
aid to countries threatened by communism, such as Greece and Turkey. The Truman Doctrine
was significant because it marked a shift in US foreign policy towards a more active role in
international affairs. It also set the stage for the Cold War, as the US and the Soviet Union
became locked in a global struggle for power and influence. The Truman Doctrine was a key
element of the US strategy of containment, which shaped US foreign policy for decades to
come. It also established the US as a global superpower and leader of the free world, as it
sought to promote democracy and capitalism as alternatives to communism. The Truman
Doctrine had a significant impact on US foreign policy and the global balance of power, and its
legacy can still be seen in US foreign policy today.

(b) Post-Structuralism
Answer:
Post-Structuralism is a theoretical perspective in the field of International Relations that
emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as a critique of traditional approaches to the study of politics
and society. It is based on the idea that language and discourse play a central role in shaping
social reality and power relations. Post-Structuralists argue that language is not simply a tool for
communication, but also a means of constructing and maintaining social hierarchies and power
relations.

Post-Structuralism challenges the idea of a fixed and stable reality, arguing that reality is
constructed through language and discourse. It emphasizes the importance of deconstruction,
which involves analyzing the underlying assumptions and power relations in language and
discourse. Post-Structuralists argue that language is not neutral, but is shaped by power
relations and social hierarchies.

Post-Structuralism has had a significant impact on the study of International Relations,
particularly in the areas of identity, gender, and culture. It has challenged traditional approaches
to these issues, which often assumed fixed and stable identities and cultures. Post-Structuralists
argue that identities and cultures are constructed through language and discourse, and are
therefore subject to change and contestation.

Post-Structuralism has also influenced the study of power and resistance in International
Relations. It emphasizes the importance of agency and resistance in challenging dominant
power relations and constructing alternative realities. Post-Structuralists argue that resistance is
not simply a matter of opposing power, but also involves the creation of new discourses and
identities.

In conclusion, Post-Structuralism is a theoretical perspective in International Relations that
emphasizes the role of language and discourse in shaping social reality and power relations. It
challenges traditional approaches to the study of politics and society, and has had a significant
impact on the study of identity, gender, culture, power, and resistance. Post-Structuralism
continues to be an important perspective in the field of International Relations, and has
influenced a wide range of debates and discussions in the discipline.

Section—II

5. Elaborate on the role of the U. N. in international politics. 20
Answer:

The United Nations (UN) plays a crucial role in international politics as a global organization
dedicated to promoting peace, security, and cooperation among its member states. Established
in 1945 after World War II, the UN serves as a platform for dialogue, negotiation, and
collaboration on a wide range of global issues. The following are key aspects of the UN’s role in
international politics:

1. Peace and Security: One of the primary functions of the UN is to maintain international peace
and security. The UN Security Council, composed of five permanent members (China, France,
Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and ten rotating members, has the authority
to take actions such as imposing sanctions or authorizing military interventions to address
threats to peace. The UN also deploys peacekeeping missions to conflict zones to facilitate
peace negotiations, protect civilians, and support post-conflict reconstruction.
2. International Law and Human Rights: The UN plays a crucial role in promoting and upholding
international law and human rights. The General Assembly, composed of all member states,
discusses and adopts resolutions on various issues, including human rights violations,
disarmament, and environmental protection. The UN Human Rights Council monitors and
addresses human rights abuses worldwide. Additionally, the International Court of Justice, the
UN’s principal judicial organ, settles legal disputes between states.
3. Development and Humanitarian Assistance: The UN is actively involved in promoting
sustainable development and providing humanitarian assistance. The UN Development
Programme (UNDP) works to eradicate poverty, improve healthcare, education, and
infrastructure, and promote gender equality. The UN also coordinates humanitarian efforts
during crises, such as natural disasters, conflicts, and refugee situations, through agencies like
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the World Food Programme
(WFP).
4. Global Governance and Multilateralism: The UN serves as a platform for global governance,
facilitating cooperation and coordination among member states. It provides a forum for states to
discuss and negotiate on various issues, including climate change, trade, and disarmament.
The UN also hosts specialized agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), which work on specific areas of global concern.
5. Norm Setting and Diplomacy: The UN plays a crucial role in setting global norms and
standards. It has adopted numerous conventions and treaties on issues such as human rights,
environmental protection, and nuclear non-proliferation. The UN also provides a space for
diplomatic negotiations and dialogue, allowing states to address conflicts, resolve disputes, and
find common ground on contentious issues. The General Assembly and various specialized
committees and forums provide opportunities for states to engage in diplomatic discussions and
negotiations, fostering dialogue and understanding among nations.
6. Global Public Health and Crisis Response: The UN plays a significant role in addressing
global public health challenges and coordinating responses to pandemics and epidemics. The
World Health Organization (WHO), a specialized agency of the UN, leads efforts to prevent the
spread of diseases, provides guidance on healthcare policies, and coordinates international
responses to health emergencies. The UN also mobilizes resources and coordinates
humanitarian aid during crises, such as natural disasters and conflicts, to provide relief and
support to affected populations.
7. Promoting Democracy and Humanitarian Values: The UN promotes democratic governance
and the protection of human rights as fundamental principles of international politics. Through
initiatives such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN advocates for the respect
and protection of individual freedoms, equality, and justice. It supports democratic processes,
electoral assistance, and the strengthening of institutions to foster democratic governance
worldwide.

In conclusion, the United Nations plays a multifaceted role in international politics. It serves as a
platform for dialogue, negotiation, and cooperation among member states, addressing issues
related to peace and security, human rights, development, global governance, and crisis
response. The UN’s efforts in promoting international law, setting global norms, and fostering
diplomatic relations contribute to the maintenance of peace, stability, and cooperation in the
international arena. While the UN faces challenges and limitations, it remains a vital institution in
addressing global issues and advancing the collective interests of its member states.

6. Evaluate the importance of regionalism in international relations. 20
Answer:
Regionalism plays a significant role in international relations, shaping the dynamics and
interactions between states within a specific geographic region. It refers to the process of
cooperation and integration among neighboring countries, driven by shared interests, common
challenges, and a desire for collective action. The importance of regionalism in international
relations can be evaluated from various perspectives.
Firstly, regionalism promotes peace and stability. By fostering cooperation and dialogue among
neighboring states, regional organizations and agreements help to manage conflicts, resolve
disputes, and prevent the escalation of tensions. Regional integration initiatives, such as the
European Union, have been successful in promoting peace and stability among member states,
reducing the likelihood of armed conflicts and fostering a sense of shared security.
Secondly, regionalism enhances economic development and prosperity. Regional trade
agreements, such as NAFTA in North America or ASEAN in Southeast Asia, create a framework
for increased trade, investment, and economic cooperation among member states. By reducing
trade barriers, harmonizing regulations, and promoting the free movement of goods, services,
and capital, regional integration can lead to economic growth, job creation, and improved living
standards for participating countries.
Thirdly, regionalism strengthens political cooperation and collective bargaining power. By
pooling resources and coordinating policies, regional organizations can amplify the voice and
influence of member states in global affairs. Regional blocs often negotiate as a unified entity in
international forums, enabling them to better address common challenges, advocate for shared
interests, and shape global norms and rules. This collective bargaining power can be
particularly important for smaller or less influential states, allowing them to have a greater
impact on the international stage.
Furthermore, regionalism fosters cultural exchange and social cohesion. By promoting
people-to-people interactions, cultural exchanges, and educational programs, regional
integration initiatives can enhance mutual understanding, tolerance, and social cohesion among
member states. This cultural exchange can lead to the preservation and promotion of regional
identities, languages, and traditions, while also fostering a sense of belonging and shared
values.
However, it is important to acknowledge that regionalism also has its limitations and challenges.
Regional integration initiatives can face obstacles such as divergent national interests, historical
conflicts, and unequal power dynamics among member states. Additionally, regionalism can
sometimes lead to exclusionary practices, where non-member states are marginalized or left out
of regional cooperation efforts.
In conclusion, regionalism plays a crucial role in international relations by promoting peace,
stability, economic development, political cooperation, and cultural exchange. It provides a
platform for neighboring states to address common challenges, enhance their collective
bargaining power, and foster regional integration.

7. Describe the different phases of the Cold War. 20
Answer:

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension and ideological rivalry between the United
States and the Soviet Union, lasting from the end of World War II in 1945 until the early 1990s.
The Cold War can be divided into several distinct phases, each characterized by different
dynamics and events.
1. The Early Cold War (1945-1953): This phase began with the end of World War II and the
division of Europe into two spheres of influence, with the United States supporting Western
democracies and the Soviet Union establishing communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Tensions
escalated with the Berlin Blockade and the formation of NATO in response. The Korean War
(1950-1953) marked the first direct military confrontation between the two superpowers.
2. The Thaw (1953-1962): This phase saw a period of relative relaxation of tensions, known as
the “thaw.” It began with the death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the rise of Nikita
Khrushchev. The thaw was characterized by a series of diplomatic initiatives, including the
Geneva Summit and the establishment of the hotline between Washington and Moscow.
However, tensions remained high, as seen in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.
3. Détente (1962-1979): Détente refers to a period of improved relations and reduced hostility
between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was marked by a series of arms control
agreements, such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile
(ABM) Treaty. Détente also saw increased cultural exchanges and cooperation in areas such as
space exploration. However, the period was not without conflicts, such as the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan in 1979.
4. The Second Cold War (1979-1985): This phase was characterized by renewed tensions and
a more confrontational approach. It began with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which led to
increased U.S. support for anti-Soviet forces. The United States also pursued a policy of
containment, supporting anti-communist movements in various regions, such as Central
America and Africa. The period saw a renewed arms race and the deployment of
intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe.
5. The End of the Cold War (1985-1991): This phase saw a significant shift in the dynamics of
the Cold War. The rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as the Soviet leader brought about a period of
reform and openness known as Glasnost and Perestroika. Gorbachev also pursued a policy of
disarmament and sought to improve relations with the West. The end of the Cold War was
marked by a series of events, including the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Cold War marked a significant shift in the global balance of
power and the emergence of a new world order.
In conclusion, the Cold War was a complex and multifaceted period in international relations,
characterized by ideological rivalry, military buildup, and diplomatic maneuvering. The different
phases of the Cold War were marked by distinct dynamics and events, ranging from periods of
heightened tension to periods of relative relaxation. The end of the Cold War marked a
significant turning point in global history, leading to the emergence of a new world order and the
reconfiguration of global power dynamics.

8. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : 10 each

(a) Security Council
Answer:
The Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and plays a
crucial role in maintaining international peace and security. It is composed of 15 member states,
with five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States) and ten non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.
The Security Council has the authority to make decisions that are binding on all UN member
states. Its primary responsibility is to identify threats to international peace and security and take
appropriate measures to address them. This can include imposing sanctions, authorizing the
use of force, or deploying peacekeeping missions.
One of the unique features of the Security Council is the veto power held by the five permanent
members. Any of these members can veto a resolution, effectively blocking its adoption, even if
it has the support of the majority of the Council. This veto power has been a source of both
strength and controversy, as it can hinder the Council’s ability to take decisive action in certain
situations.
The Security Council operates on the principle of collective security, which means that an attack
on one member state is considered an attack on all member states. This principle is enshrined
in the UN Charter and provides the legal basis for the Council’s actions. However, the Council’s
ability to enforce collective security has been limited at times due to political divisions and the
use of veto power by its permanent members.
The Security Council’s decisions and actions have a significant impact on global affairs. Its
resolutions and mandates shape the international response to conflicts, humanitarian crises,
and other security challenges. However, the Council’s effectiveness and legitimacy have been
subject to criticism, particularly regarding issues of representation, transparency, and the
influence of powerful states.
In conclusion, the Security Council is a key institution within the United Nations, responsible for
maintaining international peace and security. Its composition, decision-making processes, and
authority have a profound impact on global affairs. While it has played a crucial role in
addressing security challenges, its functioning and effectiveness continue to be subjects of
debate and reform efforts.

(b) BRICS
Answer:
BRICS is an acronym that represents an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The term was coined in 2001 by economist Jim O’Neill
to describe the growing economic influence of these countries on the global stage. BRICS has
since evolved into a platform for cooperation and dialogue among its member states.
The main objective of BRICS is to promote economic and financial cooperation among its
members. This is achieved through initiatives such as the New Development Bank (NDB) and
the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). The NDB, also known as the BRICS bank, aims to
finance infrastructure projects and sustainable development in developing countries. The CRA
is a financial safety net that provides assistance to member countries during times of economic
instability.
BRICS is seen as an alternative to the Western-dominated global financial institutions such as
the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It represents a shift in the balance of
economic power from the “West” to the “Rest” and seeks to give a greater voice to emerging
economies in global economic governance.
While BRICS is primarily focused on economic cooperation, it also provides a platform for
member countries to discuss global issues and negotiate actions independent of existing global
institutions. However, it is important to note that BRICS is not a political alliance or a military
pact. Each member country has its own strategic and national interests, and there are
differences and disputes among them.
BRICS countries collectively account for a significant portion of the global population, GDP, and
purchasing power parity. Despite recent economic slowdowns, the grouping maintains a high
growth rate. BRICS represents a growing force in the global economy and has the potential to
shape the future of international relations and global governance.
In conclusion, BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies that aims to promote economic and financial cooperation among its members. It provides a platform for dialogue, cooperation, and collective action on global issues. BRICS represents a shift in the global
balance of power and seeks to challenge the dominance of Western institutions in global
economic governance