BPSC-134 December 2022 Introduction to International Relations Question Paper with Answer

BPSC-134_December_2022

BACHELOR OF ARTS (GENERAL)
(BAG)

Term-End Examination December, 2022

BPSC-134 : INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Time : 3 Hours                                                                                                  Maximum Marks : 100

Note : This paper has two Sections. Answer any five questions in about 400 words each. Each
question is of 20 marks. Attempt at least two questions from each Section.

Section—I

1. What is the liberal approach to the study of International Relations ? 20
Answer:

The liberal approach to the study of International Relations (IR) is a theoretical perspective that
emphasizes the importance of cooperation, institutions, and shared values in shaping
international politics. It emerged as a response to the realist perspective, which focuses on
power and conflict in international relations. The liberal approach is characterized by several key
principles and assumptions:

1. Cooperation and Interdependence: Liberals argue that states have the capacity to cooperate
and pursue common interests. They believe that cooperation can lead to mutual benefits and
the resolution of conflicts. Liberals emphasize the importance of economic interdependence,
arguing that trade and economic ties can promote peace and stability among states.

2. International Institutions: Liberals place a strong emphasis on international institutions, such
as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and regional organizations. They argue that
these institutions provide a framework for cooperation, facilitate negotiations, and help to
manage conflicts. Liberals believe that international institutions can promote peace, stability, and
the rule of law in international relations.

3. Democracy and Human Rights: Liberals believe that democratic governance and the
protection of human rights are essential for international peace and stability. They argue that
democratic states are less likely to go to war with each other and are more likely to respect the
rights of their citizens. Liberals advocate for the spread of democracy and the promotion of
human rights as a means to foster peace and cooperation among states.

4. Multilateralism and Diplomacy: Liberals emphasize the importance of multilateralism and
diplomacy in international relations. They argue that states should engage in dialogue,
negotiations, and diplomatic efforts to resolve conflicts and address global challenges. Liberals
believe that diplomacy and negotiation can lead to mutually beneficial outcomes and help to
build trust and understanding among states.

5. International Law and Norms: Liberals believe in the importance of international law and
norms in shaping state behavior. They argue that states should abide by international legal
principles and norms, such as respect for sovereignty, human rights, and non-aggression.
Liberals believe that adherence to international law can help to prevent conflicts and promote
cooperation among states.

6. Economic Liberalism: Liberals emphasize the importance of free trade, economic openness,
and market-based approaches in international relations. They argue that economic liberalism
can lead to economic growth, prosperity, and peace. Liberals advocate for the removal of trade
barriers, the promotion of free markets, and the integration of economies to foster cooperation
and development.

In conclusion, the liberal approach to the study of International Relations emphasizes
cooperation, institutions, democracy, human rights, multilateralism, international law, and
economic liberalism. Liberals believe that these factors can promote peace, stability, and
prosperity in international relations. While the liberal approach has been criticized for being
overly optimistic and idealistic, it remains a significant perspective in the study of International
Relations. The liberal approach has influenced the development of international institutions,
such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, and has shaped the foreign
policies of many states. The liberal approach continues to be relevant in contemporary
international politics, as states face new challenges and opportunities in an increasingly
interconnected and interdependent world.

2. Evaluate the salient features of the systems approach of Kenneth Waltz. 20
Answer:

The systems approach of Kenneth Waltz, known as Neorealism or Structural Realism, has
made significant contributions to the field of International Relations. Waltz’s approach focuses
on the structure of the international system and its impact on state behavior. The salient
features of Waltz’s systems approach can be evaluated as follows:

1. Three Levels of Analysis: Waltz introduced three levels of analysis in international relations.
The first level is the individual level, which focuses on the characteristics and behavior of
individual actors, such as leaders and decision-makers. The second level is the state level,
which examines the behavior of states and their interactions with other states. The third level is
the systemic level, which looks at the structure of the international system and its impact on
state behavior. Waltz argued that the systemic level is the most influential in determining state
behavior and outcomes in international relations.

2. Structure as the Key Determinant: According to Waltz, the structure of the international
system is the key determinant of state behavior. He argued that the structure, characterized by
the distribution of power among states, shapes their actions and interactions. Waltz identified
two types of structures: bipolarity, where power is concentrated between two major powers, and
multipolarity, where power is distributed among multiple major powers. He contended that
bipolarity leads to more stability and predictability, while multipolarity increases the likelihood of
conflict and instability.

3. Anarchy and Self-Help: Waltz emphasized the anarchic nature of the international system,
where there is no central authority to enforce rules and maintain order. In this context, states are
driven by self-interest and engage in self-help behavior to ensure their survival and security.
Waltz argued that states are primarily concerned with balancing power and maximizing their
own security, leading to a constant struggle for power and influence in the international system.

4. Focus on High Politics: Waltz’s systems approach primarily focuses on high politics, such as
war and security issues. He argued that these issues are determined by the international
system rather than the behavior of individual leaders or states. Waltz contended that the
international system creates pressures and incentives for states to engage in conflict or
cooperation, depending on the structure and distribution of power.

5. Emphasis on Structure over Agency: Waltz’s systems approach places greater emphasis on
the structural constraints and opportunities faced by states rather than the agency of individual
leaders or states. He argued that the behavior of states is largely shaped by the systemic
pressures and incentives created by the international structure. This approach downplays the
role of individual decisionmakers and focuses more on the systemic factors that influence state
behavior.

6. Neutrality and Scientific Analysis: Waltz aimed to develop a theory of international relations
that was neutral and based on scientific analysis. He sought to establish a theory that could
explain and predict state behavior without relying on normative or ideological assumptions.
Waltz believed that by focusing on the structure of the international system, his theory could
provide a more objective and rigorous understanding of international relations.

7. Limited Role of International Institutions: In Waltz’s systems approach, international
institutions play a limited role in shaping state behavior. He argued that institutions are
secondary to the structure of the international system and have limited influence on state
actions. Waltz believed that states primarily act in their own self-interest and that institutions are
often used as tools to advance their own power and security.

8. Emphasis on Long-Term Stability: Waltz’s systems approach emphasizes the pursuit of
long-term stability in international relations. He argued that states are driven by the desire to
maintain a balance of power and avoid major conflicts that could disrupt the stability of the
international system. Waltz believed that states are rational actors that seek to maximize their
security and survival, leading to a tendency towards stability and equilibrium in the international
system.

In conclusion, the salient features of Kenneth Waltz’s systems approach to International
Relations include the focus on the structure of the international system as the key determinant
of state behavior, the emphasis on anarchy and self-help, the limited role of international
institutions, and the prioritization of long-term stability. Waltz’s approach provides a structural
framework for understanding international relations and highlights the systemic pressures and
incentives that shape state actions. While his approach has been subject to criticism and
alternative perspectives have emerged, Waltz’s systems approach remains influential in the field
of International Relations and has contributed to our understanding of the dynamics of the
international system.

3. Discuss the Marxist approach to the study of International Relations. 20
Answer:
The Marxist approach to the study of International Relations (IR) is a theoretical perspective that
analyzes international politics through the lens of Marxist theory. It seeks to understand the
dynamics of power, inequality, and exploitation in the global capitalist system. The Marxist
approach to IR can be discussed in the following key aspects:

1. Capitalism and Imperialism: Marxists argue that the global capitalist system is the driving
force behind international relations. They view capitalism as a system that perpetuates
inequality, exploitation, and imperialism. According to Marxists, capitalist states engage in
imperialistic practices to secure resources, markets, and cheap labor, leading to the domination
of the global South by the global North.

2. Class Struggle and Conflict: Marxists emphasize the role of class struggle and conflict in
shaping international relations. They argue that the global capitalist system creates a division
between the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class). This class struggle
extends to the international arena, where capitalist states compete for resources and markets,
leading to conflicts and tensions.

3. Economic Determinism: Marxists believe that economic factors, particularly the mode of
production, determine social and political relations. They argue that the global capitalist system
shapes the behavior of states and the structure of the international system. Economic factors,
such as the pursuit of profit and the accumulation of capital, drive state actions and influence
the distribution of power in international relations.

4. Dependency Theory: Marxists often draw on dependency theory to analyze the relationship
between the global North and the global South. Dependency theory argues that the global
South is dependent on the global North for economic resources and technology, leading to
underdevelopment and exploitation. Marxists highlight the unequal power relations between
developed and developing countries and the role of multinational corporations in perpetuating
dependency.

5. Critique of Liberalism and Neoliberalism: Marxists critique liberal and neoliberal approaches
to IR, arguing that these perspectives serve to legitimize and maintain the capitalist system.
They argue that liberal and neoliberal ideas of free trade, market-based solutions, and individual
rights mask the underlying power dynamics and exploitation inherent in the global capitalist
system.

6. Emphasis on Social Change and Revolution: Marxists emphasize the need for social change
and revolution to overcome the inequalities and injustices of the global capitalist system. They
argue that true liberation and equality can only be achieved through the overthrow of capitalism
and the establishment of a socialist or communist society.

In conclusion, the Marxist approach to the study of International Relations provides a critical
analysis of the global capitalist system and its impact on international politics. It emphasizes the
role of capitalism, imperialism, class struggle, and economic determinism in shaping
international relations. The Marxist approach highlights the unequal power relations between
developed and developing countries and critiques liberal and neoliberal perspectives for
perpetuating the capitalist system. It calls for social change and revolution to address the
inequalities and exploitation inherent in the global capitalist system. While the Marxist approach
has faced criticism for its economic determinism and its focus on class struggle, it remains a
significant perspective in the study of International Relations, offering a critical lens through
which to analyze the dynamics of power, inequality, and exploitation in the global arena.

4. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : 10+10

(a) Helsinki Accords
Answer:

The Helsinki Accords, also known as the Helsinki Final Act, were a series of agreements signed
in 1975 by 35 countries participating in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(CSCE). The Accords were a significant diplomatic effort to improve relations and promote
cooperation between the Eastern Bloc countries, led by the Soviet Union, and the Western
democracies, led by the United States.

The Helsinki Accords covered a wide range of issues, including political, military, economic, and
human rights aspects. The participating states reaffirmed their commitment to principles such as
sovereign equality, peaceful settlement of disputes, respect for human rights, and cooperation
among states. The Accords also recognized the inviolability of frontiers and the territorial
integrity of states.

One of the key aspects of the Helsinki Accords was the recognition of human rights as an
essential component of international relations. The participating states agreed to respect and
protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience,
religion, or belief. This was a significant development, as it marked a departure from the
traditional understanding of state sovereignty and opened the door for increased scrutiny of
human rights practices.

The Helsinki Accords were viewed as a significant step towards reducing tensions and
promoting dialogue between the Eastern and Western blocs during the Cold War. They provided
a framework for increased diplomatic engagement and cooperation among the participating
states. However, it is important to note that the implementation of the Accords varied among the
signatory countries, and there were limitations and challenges in ensuring compliance with the
agreed-upon principles.

While the Helsinki Accords were seen as a positive development in promoting human rights and
diplomatic engagement, they also faced criticism. Some argued that the Accords legitimized the
status quo and failed to address the underlying power imbalances and human rights abuses
within the Eastern Bloc countries.

In conclusion, the Helsinki Accords were a series of agreements signed in 1975 aimed at
improving relations and promoting cooperation between Eastern and Western bloc countries.
They recognized the importance of human rights and provided a framework for increased
diplomatic engagement. While the Accords had limitations and faced criticism, they marked an
important milestone in international relations during the Cold War.

(b) Berlin Wall
Answer:
The Berlin Wall was a physical barrier that divided the city of Berlin from 1961 to 1989. It was
erected by the German Democratic Republic (GDR), also known as East Germany, to prevent
its citizens from fleeing to the West. The wall was a symbol of the Cold War and the ideological
divide between the capitalist West and the communist East.

The construction of the Berlin Wall began on August 13, 1961, and it consisted of a series of
concrete walls, barbed wire, and guard towers. The wall was heavily guarded, and anyone
attempting to cross it risked being shot by East German border guards. The wall effectively cut
off West Berlin from the rest of East Germany and the Soviet bloc.

The Berlin Wall was a source of tension and conflict between the United States and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War. It was seen as a symbol of Soviet aggression and a violation of
human rights. The United States and its allies condemned the wall and called for its removal.
The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, marked a significant turning point in world
history. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War led to the reunification of
Germany and the emergence of a new world order. The fall of the Berlin Wall was a symbol of
the triumph of democracy and freedom over authoritarianism and oppression.

Today, the Berlin Wall is a historical landmark and a reminder of the Cold War era. Parts of the
wall have been preserved as a memorial, and the site attracts millions of visitors each year. The
Berlin Wall serves as a reminder of the importance of human rights, democracy, and freedom,
and the need to remain vigilant against the forces of oppression and tyranny.

Section—II

5. Critically evaluate the role of Nation-State in the era of Globalisation. 20
Answer:

The role of the nation-state in the era of globalization is a topic of ongoing debate and analysis.
Globalization, characterized by increased interconnectedness and interdependence among
nations, has brought about significant changes in the traditional functions and sovereignty of
nation-states. In this evaluation, we will critically examine the role of the nation-state in the
context of globalization.

One argument against the nation-state in the era of globalization is that it has become less
relevant and less capable of effectively addressing global challenges. Globalization has led to
the emergence of transnational actors such as multinational corporations, international
organizations, and non-governmental organizations that have gained significant influence and
power. These actors often operate beyond the control of nation-states, making it difficult for
them to regulate and govern effectively. For example, global financial institutions like the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank have the ability to impose economic policies
on nation-states, limiting their sovereignty and decision-making power .

Moreover, globalization has facilitated the flow of goods, services, capital, and information
across borders, leading to increased economic interdependence. This has resulted in the
erosion of traditional economic boundaries and the rise of global supply chains. As a result,
nation-states have become more dependent on international trade and investment, making it
challenging for them to pursue purely nationalistic policies. The global economy now requires
cooperation and coordination among nation-states to address issues such as financial crises,
climate change, and pandemics.

Critics argue that globalization has led to a loss of control for nation-states over their own
economies and policies. They argue that nation-states are increasingly constrained by global
economic forces and are forced to adopt neoliberal policies that prioritize market liberalization
and deregulation. This has led to a decline in the ability of nation-states to protect domestic
industries, regulate labor markets, and provide social welfare programs. The power of
nation-states to shape their own economic destinies has been diminished in the face of global
economic integration.

However, it is important to note that while globalization has challenged the traditional role of the
nation-state, it has not rendered it obsolete. Nation-states still play a crucial role in maintaining
political stability, providing public goods, and protecting the interests of their citizens. They
continue to have the authority to make and enforce laws within their territories, maintain defense
forces, and represent their citizens in international forums. The nation-state remains the primary
unit of political organization and the source of legitimacy for governance.

Furthermore, globalization has also provided nation-states with new opportunities to enhance
their power and influence. Through regional integration initiatives, such as the European Union ,
nation-states can pool their resources and increase their collective bargaining power in the
global arena. Additionally, nation-states can leverage their economic strength and technological
advancements to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.

In the era of globalization, nation-states have the opportunity to participate in global governance
structures and shape international norms and regulations. They can engage in diplomatic
negotiations, form alliances, and contribute to international institutions to influence global
decision-making processes. Nation-states also have the responsibility to protect the rights and
well-being of their citizens in the face of global challenges.

Moreover, nation-states play a crucial role in maintaining cultural identity and preserving
national heritage. Globalization has led to the spread of ideas, values, and cultural practices
across borders. While this can lead to cultural homogenization, nation-states have the power to
promote and protect their unique cultural expressions. They can enact policies to preserve local
languages, traditions, and cultural heritage, ensuring the diversity and richness of human
civilization.

In conclusion, the role of the nation-state in the era of globalization is complex and multifaceted.
While globalization has presented challenges to the traditional functions and sovereignty of
nation-states, they still remain significant actors in the international system. Nation-states must
adapt to the realities of globalization by embracing multilateralism, cooperating with other
actors, and finding a balance between national interests and global cooperation. By doing so,
they can effectively navigate the complexities of the globalized world and address the
challenges and opportunities it presents. The nation-state continues to be a crucial entity in
shaping the political, economic, and cultural landscape of the world, albeit in a changing and
interconnected global context.

6. Examine the importance of Regional Economic Organisations. 20
Answer:

Regional Economic Organizations (REOs) play a crucial role in promoting economic integration,
cooperation, and development among countries within a specific region. These organizations
have gained increasing importance in the global landscape due to several reasons.
Firstly, REOs foster regional economic integration. By promoting trade liberalization, reducing
barriers to the movement of goods, services, and capital, and harmonizing regulations and
standards, REOs facilitate the creation of larger regional markets. This leads to increased trade
flows, economies of scale, and enhanced competitiveness for member countries. Regional
economic integration can also attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and promote regional value
chains, further boosting economic growth and development.

Secondly, REOs contribute to regional stability and peace. Economic interdependence created
through regional integration can act as a deterrent to conflicts and promote peaceful relations
among member countries. By providing a platform for dialogue and cooperation, REOs can help
resolve disputes and address common challenges, such as transnational crime, terrorism, and
environmental issues. Additionally, economic cooperation can foster trust and understanding
among member states, reducing the likelihood of conflicts and promoting regional stability.
Thirdly, REOs can serve as a platform for policy coordination and harmonization. Member
countries can collaborate on issues such as macroeconomic stability, fiscal policies, monetary
cooperation, and financial regulation. This coordination can help address common challenges,
promote economic stability, and prevent financial crises. REOs can also facilitate knowledge
sharing, capacity building, and technical assistance among member countries, supporting their
economic development efforts.

Fourthly, REOs can enhance the voice and influence of member countries in global affairs. By
presenting a united front and speaking with a collective voice, regional blocs can have a
stronger impact on global economic governance and decision-making. REOs can advocate for
the interests of their member countries, negotiate trade agreements with other regions or
countries, and participate in global forums such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) or the
G20. This increased influence can help shape global economic rules and ensure that the
interests of developing countries are taken into account.

Lastly, REOs can promote inclusive and sustainable development. By focusing on regional
cooperation and integration, REOs can address regional disparities, promote balanced growth,
and ensure that the benefits of economic integration are shared by all member countries. REOs
can also prioritize sustainable development goals, such as environmental protection, social
inclusion, and poverty reduction, in their regional agendas. This can help create a more
equitable and sustainable economic environment within the region.

In conclusion, Regional Economic Organizations play a vital role in promoting economic
integration, stability and development within a specific region. They foster regional economic
integration, which leads to increased trade flows, economies of scale, and enhanced
competitiveness. REOs also contribute to regional stability and peace by promoting economic
interdependence and providing a platform for dialogue and cooperation. They facilitate policy
coordination and harmonization, which can address common challenges and promote economic
stability. Additionally, REOs enhance the voice and influence of member countries in global
affairs, allowing them to advocate for their interests and shape global economic rules. Lastly,
REOs prioritize inclusive and sustainable development, addressing regional disparities and
promoting balanced growth. Overall, Regional Economic Organizations play a crucial role in
promoting regional economic cooperation, stability, and development, while also contributing to
global economic governance and sustainable development goals.

7. “Multilateralism and International organisations have created conditions for
transforming the world from Unipolarity to Multipolarity.” Comment. 20
Answer:

The statement that “Multilateralism and International organizations have created conditions for
transforming the world from Unipolarity to Multipolarity” holds significant merit. Multilateralism
refers to the practice of multiple countries coming together to address common challenges and
pursue shared goals through international organizations and agreements. International
organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), and
International Monetary Fund (IMF), play a crucial role in facilitating multilateral cooperation and
promoting a multipolar world order.

Firstly, multilateralism and international organizations have helped to shift the global power
dynamics from a unipolar system dominated by a single superpower to a multipolar system
characterized by the influence of multiple major powers. The end of the Cold War marked the
decline of the bipolar world order, with the United States emerging as the sole superpower.
However, the rise of other major powers, such as China, Russia, and regional blocs like the
European Union, has challenged the unipolar structure. Multilateralism and international
organizations have provided a platform for these emerging powers to assert their influence,
participate in global decision-making, and shape the international agenda.

Secondly, international organizations have played a crucial role in promoting cooperation and
resolving conflicts among nations. Through multilateral negotiations and agreements, countries
have been able to address common challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and nuclear
proliferation. International organizations provide a neutral space for dialogue, negotiation, and
the development of shared norms and rules. This has helped to reduce tensions, build trust, and
prevent conflicts, contributing to a more stable and peaceful world.

Furthermore, multilateralism and international organizations have facilitated economic
integration and global trade. Organizations like the WTO have provided a framework for
countries to negotiate trade agreements, reduce trade barriers, and resolve disputes. This has
led to the growth of global value chains, increased economic interdependence, and the rise of
emerging economies as major players in the global economy. The promotion of free trade and
economic cooperation through multilateralism has contributed to economic growth, poverty
reduction, and the spread of prosperity across different regions.

However, it is important to acknowledge that multilateralism and international organizations also
face challenges and criticisms. The effectiveness of multilateral institutions can be hindered by
power imbalances, competing national interests, and the use of veto power by major powers.
There are also concerns about the democratic deficit and lack of accountability in some
international organizations. Nevertheless, the overall impact of multilateralism and international
organizations in transforming the world from unipolarity to multipolarity cannot be denied.

In conclusion, multilateralism and international organizations have played a crucial role in
transforming the world from unipolarity to multipolarity. They have provided a platform for
emerging powers to assert their influence and participate in global decision-making, challenging
the dominance of a single superpower. These organizations have also facilitated cooperation,
dialogue, and the resolution of conflicts among nations, contributing to a more stable and
peaceful world. Additionally, multilateralism has promoted economic integration and global
trade, leading to the rise of emerging economies and the spread of prosperity. While challenges
and criticisms exist, the overall impact of multilateralism and international organizations in
creating conditions for a multipolar world cannot be overlooked.

8. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : 10+10

(a) The Suez Crisis
Answer:

The Suez Crisis was a major international conflict that occurred in 1956. It was triggered by the
sudden nationalization of the Suez Canal by President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt. The Suez
Canal was a vital waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, and its control
was of strategic importance to global trade and transportation.

The crisis unfolded when Egypt’s nationalization of the canal threatened the interests of Britain
and France, who were major shareholders in the Suez Canal Company. In response, Britain,
France, and Israel launched a military operation to regain control of the canal and remove
Nasser from power. This military action was met with international condemnation, as it was seen
as a violation of Egypt’s sovereignty and an act of aggression.

The United Nations played a significant role in resolving the crisis. The Security Council passed
a resolution condemning the use of force by Britain, France, and Israel and called for an
immediate ceasefire. However, the resolution was vetoed by Britain and France. As a result, the
General Assembly invoked the “Uniting for Peace” resolution, which allowed it to take action in
cases where the Security Council was deadlocked. The General Assembly passed a resolution
calling for a ceasefire and the withdrawal of foreign troops from Egypt.

The Suez Crisis had significant implications for international relations. It marked a turning point
in the decline of European colonialism and the rise of post-colonial nationalism. The crisis also
highlighted the limitations of military intervention and the importance of international cooperation
and diplomacy in resolving conflicts.

In conclusion, the Suez Crisis was a major international conflict that arose from the
nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt. It led to military intervention by Britain, France, and
Israel, but was ultimately resolved through the intervention of the United Nations. The crisis had
far-reaching implications for international relations and marked a shift in the balance of power in
the post-colonial era.

(b) Balance of Power
Answer:

Balance of Power (BoP) is a concept in international relations that refers to the distribution of
power among nations. It is based on the idea that when power is more or less equally
distributed, no one state can dominate others, and no state feels threatened. The BoP theory
suggests that if one state becomes too powerful, it will attack weaker states, thereby providing
an opportunity for threatened states to form a defensive coalition. The BoP principle has been
used as a strategy to prevent the outbreak of war and maintain stability in the international
system.

The BoP theory has been criticized for being temporary and unstable, requiring active
intervention from political leaders, and being broken during times of war. Moreover, the BoP
principle has become less relevant in the era of globalization, where international relations have
undergone significant changes. The emergence of various powers in Asia, Africa, and Latin
America has abated the supremacy of major powers, making the BoP principle redundant. The
proliferation of nuclear weapons has also created a dreadful situation, where their use can lead
to a catastrophic war that can cause irreversible change. The BoP principle keeps the option of
war open, which is no longer desirable in the international arena. However, the BoP principle
has not become completely obsolete and has shifted from the international arena to the regional
area.