BPSC-134 Dec 2021 QP
BACHELOR OF ARTS (GENERAL) (BAG)
Term-End Examination December, 2021
BPSC-134 : INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100
Note : Answer any five questions in about 400 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.
This question paper has two sections. Attempt at least two questions from each section.
SECTION I
1. Evaluate the Realist approach to the study of International Relations.
Answer:
The Realist approach to the study of International Relations is one of the most dominant and
influential theoretical frameworks in the field. Realism emphasizes the importance of power,
state interests, and the competitive nature of international politics. It provides a valuable lens
through which to analyze and understand the dynamics of the international system. However,
like any theoretical perspective, it also has its limitations and criticisms.
One of the key strengths of the Realist approach is its focus on power politics. Realists argue
that states are the primary actors in international relations and that their behavior is driven by
the pursuit of power and self-interest. This perspective acknowledges the inherent competition
and conflict that exists in the international system. By emphasizing power, Realism provides a
realistic and pragmatic understanding of how states interact with each other.
Another strength of Realism is its ability to explain the stability and persistence of the
international system. Realists argue that states are rational actors who prioritize their own
security and survival. This leads to a balance of power, as states seek to prevent any one actor
from becoming too dominant. Realism also highlights the importance of military capabilities and
deterrence in maintaining stability. This perspective helps explain why conflicts are often
managed or resolved without escalating into full-scale wars.
However, the Realist approach also has its limitations. One criticism is that it oversimplifies the
complexity of international relations. Realism tends to focus on state-level analysis and
overlooks the role of non-state actors, such as international organizations, non-governmental
organizations, and transnational corporations. These actors play significant roles in shaping
global politics and cannot be ignored.
Another criticism is that Realism neglects the role of norms, ideas, and values in international
relations. Realists argue that states are driven solely by self-interest, but this overlooks the
influence of international norms and institutions. For example, the spread of human rights norms
has influenced state behavior and shaped international norms and practices. Realism also
downplays the importance of cooperation and diplomacy in international relations, focusing
primarily on power struggles.
In conclusion, the Realist approach provides valuable insights into the study of International
Relations. Its emphasis on power politics and state interests helps explain the competitive
nature of the international system and the pursuit of security by states. However, it is important
to recognize the limitations of Realism, such as its oversimplification of international relations
and its neglect of non-state actors and norms. To gain a comprehensive understanding of
international relations, it is necessary to consider multiple theoretical perspectives and
approaches.
2. Explain the notion of National Interest and its elements.
Answer:
The notion of national interest is a central concept in the study of International Relations. It
refers to the set of objectives and goals that a state seeks to achieve in order to promote its
security, prosperity, and well-being. National interest is a dynamic concept that can change over
time and is influenced by a variety of factors, including domestic politics, international events,
and economic conditions.
The elements of national interest can be broadly categorized into three main components:
security, economic, and ideological. These elements are interrelated and often overlap, but they
provide a useful framework for understanding the different dimensions of national interest.
The first element of national interest is security. This refers to the protection of a state’s territorial
integrity, sovereignty, and national defense. Security is a fundamental concern for all states, as it
is necessary for their survival and well-being. States seek to maintain a balance of power and
deter potential threats through military capabilities, alliances, and diplomacy. Security also
includes non-military aspects, such as cybersecurity, intelligence gathering, and
counterterrorism.
The second element of national interest is economic. This refers to the promotion of a state’s
economic interests, such as trade, investment, and access to resources. Economic interests are
closely linked to a state’s security, as economic prosperity is necessary for maintaining military
capabilities and political stability. States seek to promote their economic interests through trade
agreements, investment policies, and economic diplomacy. Economic interests also include
energy security, food security, and environmental sustainability.
The third element of national interest is ideological. This refers to a state’s values, beliefs, and
norms, and its desire to promote them on the global stage. Ideological interests can include
democracy, human rights, and cultural values. States seek to promote their ideological interests
through diplomacy, international organizations, and soft power. Ideological interests can also be
a source of conflict, as different states may have competing values and beliefs.
In conclusion, the notion of national interest is a complex and multifaceted concept that is
central to the study of International Relations. The elements of national interest, including
security, economic, and ideological interests, provide a useful framework for understanding the
different dimensions of a state’s objectives and goals. By understanding national interest, we
can gain insights into the motivations and behavior of states in the international system.
3. Elaborate on the Marxist approach to the study of International Relations.
Answer:
The Marxist approach to the study of International Relations is rooted in the broader Marxist
theory, which seeks to understand and analyze the dynamics of society, politics, and economics
through the lens of class struggle and the material conditions of society. In the context of
International Relations, Marxism provides a critical perspective on the global capitalist system
and its impact on states, societies, and international relations.
One of the key tenets of the Marxist approach is the understanding that the global capitalist
system is characterized by inherent contradictions and inequalities. Marxists argue that
capitalism is driven by the pursuit of profit and the exploitation of labor. This economic structure
shapes and influences the behavior of states in the international system. According to Marxists,
the global capitalist system is marked by unequal power relations, with dominant capitalist
states exploiting and dominating weaker states.
Marxists also emphasize the role of imperialism in shaping international relations. They argue
that imperialism is an extension of capitalism, where powerful capitalist states seek to expand
their influence and control over weaker states and their resources. Imperialism is seen as a
manifestation of the inherent contradictions of capitalism, as it leads to economic exploitation,
political domination, and cultural assimilation.
Another key aspect of the Marxist approach is the focus on social classes and their role in
international relations. Marxists argue that class struggle is not limited to the domestic sphere
but also extends to the international arena. They highlight the role of the bourgeoisie (capitalist
class) and the proletariat (working class) in shaping international relations. According to
Marxists, the interests of these classes are often in conflict, with the bourgeoisie seeking to
maintain and expand its power and the proletariat striving for social and economic justice.
Marxists also critique the role of international institutions and organizations, such as the United
Nations and the World Trade Organization, as tools of capitalist domination. They argue that
these institutions serve the interests of the dominant capitalist states and perpetuate global
inequalities. Marxists advocate for the transformation of the global capitalist system through the
establishment of a socialist or communist society, where the means of production are
collectively owned and controlled.
However, the Marxist approach to International Relations is not without its criticisms. One
criticism is that it tends to oversimplify the complexities of international relations by reducing
them to economic factors and class struggle. Critics argue that other factors, such as culture,
identity, and ideology, also play significant roles in shaping international relations.
In conclusion, the Marxist approach to the study of International Relations provides a critical
perspective on the global capitalist system and its impact on states and societies. It emphasizes
the role of class struggle, imperialism,
4. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each :
(a) Green Politics
Answer:
Green politics is a political ideology and movement that emerged in response to growing
concerns about environmental degradation and the need for sustainable development. It
emphasizes the interdependence between humankind and nature and advocates for policies
and practices that promote environmental preservation and balance economic growth with
ecological sustainability.
One of the key principles of green politics is the recognition of the finite nature of natural
resources and the need to protect and conserve them for future generations. Green politics
emphasizes the importance of sustainable development, which seeks to meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It calls
for a shift towards renewable energy sources, conservation of biodiversity, and the reduction of
pollution and waste.
Green politics also highlights the role of individuals and communities in promoting
environmental sustainability. It encourages grassroots activism, community engagement, and
individual responsibility in making environmentally conscious choices. Green political parties
and movements often advocate for policies that promote environmental education, public
participation, and the empowerment of local communities in decision-making processes.
Another aspect of green politics is the critique of capitalism and its impact on the environment.
Green theorists argue that the pursuit of profit and economic growth at all costs has led to
environmental degradation and social inequalities. They advocate for alternative economic
models that prioritize ecological sustainability, social justice, and the well-being of all individuals
and communities.
Green politics is not limited to environmental issues alone. It also recognizes the
interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental challenges. Green theorists often
address issues such as social justice, human rights, and global inequality, as they believe that
these issues are intertwined with environmental concerns.
In conclusion, green politics is a political ideology and movement that emphasizes the need for
environmental preservation, sustainable development, and the recognition of the
interdependence between humankind and nature. It calls for policies and practices that promote
ecological sustainability, community engagement, and the well-being of both present and future
generations. Green politics also critiques the impact of capitalism on the environment and
advocates for alternative economic models that prioritize environmental and social justice.
(b) Constructivism
Answer:
Constructivism is a theoretical perspective in the field of International Relations that focuses on
the role of ideas, norms, and social constructions in shaping the behavior of states and the
dynamics of international relations. It challenges the traditional realist and liberal approaches by
arguing that the international system is not solely determined by material factors such as power
or economic interests, but also by socially constructed meanings and shared understandings.
One of the key principles of constructivism is the belief that actors in international relations are
not solely driven by self-interest or material gains, but also by their identities, beliefs, and
values. Constructivists argue that states and other actors derive their interests and behaviors
from the social context in which they exist. They emphasize the importance of norms, ideas, and
shared understandings in shaping state behavior and the formation of international institutions
and regimes.
Constructivism also highlights the role of social interactions and processes in shaping
international relations. It argues that through interactions, actors construct and negotiate their
identities, interests, and understandings of the world. These interactions can lead to the
formation of shared norms, values, and expectations, which in turn shape state behavior and
the dynamics of international relations.
Another aspect of constructivism is the focus on the power of language and discourse in
shaping international relations. Constructivists argue that language is not simply a tool for
communication, but also a means through which social reality is constructed and understood.
They analyze how language and discourse shape the way actors perceive and interpret events,
and how these perceptions influence their actions and interactions.
Constructivism has been influential in various areas of International Relations, including the
study of norms, identity, socialization, and the role of non-state actors. It provides a valuable
framework for understanding the complex and dynamic nature of international relations, and
challenges the traditional assumptions of state-centric and materialist approaches.
In conclusion, constructivism is a theoretical perspective in International Relations that
emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and social constructions in shaping state behavior and the
dynamics of international relations. It highlights the importance of social interactions, language,
and shared understandings in shaping the international system. Constructivism provides a
valuable alternative to traditional approaches and offers insights into the role of identity, norms,
and discourse in shaping international relations.
SECTION II
5. Critically analyse the rise of Islamic Fundamentalism and Terrorism.
Answer:
The rise of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism has been a significant phenomenon in
international relations, particularly in the post-Cold War era. This development has had
far-reaching consequences, challenging the traditional notions of state sovereignty and security.
In order to critically analyze this rise, it is important to examine its historical context, causes, and
implications.
The defeat of the Soviet Union in its Afghanistan campaign in the 1980s played a crucial role in
the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism. The United States and the USSR supported
various Mujahedeen groups in their fight against the Soviet occupation. However, once the
Soviets withdrew, these groups turned against each other, leading to a power struggle in
Afghanistan. This power vacuum created an environment conducive to the emergence of
extremist groups such as the Taliban.
The birth of the Taliban marked a new chapter in the history of Afghanistan and the region. The
Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, sought to establish a strict interpretation of Sharia law
and impose its authority over the country. Their rise to power was facilitated by the support of
foreign fighters who were brought to Afghanistan during the war against the Soviet occupation.
The rise of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism can also be attributed to a combination of
socio-political, economic, and ideological factors. Socio-politically, the marginalization of certain
ethnic and sectarian groups, as well as the failure of governance and state institutions, created
fertile ground for extremist ideologies to take hold. Economically, poverty, unemployment, and
lack of opportunities contributed to the recruitment of individuals into extremist groups.
Ideologically, the narrative of a global jihad against perceived Western imperialism and the
desire to establish an Islamic caliphate resonated with some segments of the population.
The implications of this rise have been profound. Islamic fundamentalist groups, such as
Al-Qaeda and ISIS, have carried out numerous terrorist attacks globally, including the infamous
9/11 attacks in the United States. These attacks have not only caused immense human
suffering but have also led to significant changes in international relations.
The United States, under President George W. Bush, declared a “war on terrorism” and initiated military
interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. These interventions, however, have been highly
controversial and have resulted in unintended consequences, including the destabilization of the
region and the rise of new extremist groups.
Furthermore, the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism has challenged the traditional
Westphalian notion of state sovereignty. Non-state actors, such as extremist groups, have
gained significant power and influence, often operating across borders and posing a threat to
global security.
6. Discuss Glasnost and Perestroika policies of Gorbachev.
Answer:
Glasnost and Perestroika were two key policies introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
in the 1980s. These policies aimed to reform and revitalize the Soviet Union’s political and
economic systems, but their implementation had far-reaching consequences that ultimately led
to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Glasnost, which means “openness” in Russian, called for greater transparency and public
participation in the political system. It sought to promote freedom of speech, press, and
expression, allowing for more open discussions and debates on social and political issues.
Glasnost also aimed to address the lack of accountability and corruption within the Soviet
bureaucracy.
By encouraging public scrutiny and criticism, Gorbachev hoped to rejuvenate the Soviet political
system and increase its legitimacy. However, the policy of Glasnost also unleashed a wave of
pent-up grievances and demands for greater political freedoms, leading to a loss of control for
the Soviet government. It created a space for dissent and opposition movements to emerge,
challenging the authority of the Communist Party and the Soviet state.
Perestroika, meaning “restructuring” in Russian, focused on economic reforms to address the
inefficiencies and stagnation of the Soviet economy. Gorbachev aimed to modernize and
decentralize the economy, introducing elements of market-oriented reforms and allowing for
limited private enterprise. The policy sought to increase productivity, efficiency, and innovation
by reducing bureaucratic control and promoting competition.
However, the implementation of Perestroika faced numerous challenges. The Soviet economy
was deeply entrenched in a centralized planning system, and the transition to a market-oriented
economy proved to be complex and disruptive. The reforms led to price liberalization, which
caused inflation and economic instability. Additionally, the dismantling of state subsidies and
support to Soviet allies further strained the economy.
The policies of Glasnost and Perestroika were interconnected and aimed to address the
deep-rooted problems within the Soviet Union. However, their implementation faced resistance
from conservative elements within the Communist Party and the Soviet bureaucracy, who were
wary of losing their power and privileges. The reforms also faced opposition from nationalist
movements in the Soviet republics, who saw them as a threat to their aspirations for greater
autonomy or independence.
Ultimately, the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika had unintended consequences that
contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The openness and political freedoms unleashed
by Glasnost led to the erosion of the Communist Party’s control and the rise of nationalist
movements. The economic reforms of Perestroika, while aiming to revitalize the economy,
exacerbated existing problems and created new economic challenges. The combination of
political and economic turmoil, along with growing nationalist aspirations, eventually led to the
dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The policies of Glasnost and Perestroika were significant in their attempt to bring about political
and economic reform in the Soviet Union. They represented a departure from the rigid and
centralized system that had characterized Soviet governance for decades. However, their
implementation faced numerous obstacles and unintended consequences that ultimately
contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union.
It is important to note that the impact of Glasnost and Perestroika varied across different regions
of the Soviet Union. While these policies were initially intended to revitalize the Soviet system,
they inadvertently unleashed forces that led to the disintegration of the country. The Baltic states
of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, for example, seized the opportunity provided by Glasnost to
declare their independence from the Soviet Union. Other Soviet republics also began to assert
their autonomy and push for greater self-determination.
The policies of Glasnost and Perestroika also had implications for international relations. The
spread of Glasnost across Eastern Europe and Central Asia led to widespread demonstrations
and calls for more freedom. The refusal of Gorbachev to provide military support to communist
governments in these countries further weakened the Soviet Union’s influence in the region. The
dissolution of the Soviet Union had a profound impact on the global balance of power, marking
the end of the Cold War and the emergence of a new world order.
In conclusion, the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev aimed
to reform the political and economic systems of the Soviet Union. While they initially sought to
revitalize the Soviet system, their implementation faced challenges and unintended
consequences that ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The openness and political
freedoms unleashed by Glasnost led to the erosion of the Communist Party’s control and the
rise of nationalist movements. The economic reforms of Perestroika exacerbated existing
economic problems and created new challenges. The combined impact of these policies, along
with growing nationalist aspirations, eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
7. Explain the different dimensions of Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has transformed various aspects
of our world. To understand and analyze globalization in the domain of international relations, it
is essential to discuss its different dimensions. These dimensions encompass economic,
political, cultural, geopolitical, and ecological aspects.
1. Economic Globalization: Economic globalization refers to the integration and
interdependence of economies on a global scale. It involves the free flow of goods, services,
capital, and technology across national borders. Economic globalization is characterized by the
expansion of international trade, the growth of multinational corporations, and the increasing
interconnectedness of financial markets. It has led to the emergence of global supply chains,
the outsourcing of production, and the rise of global economic institutions such as the World
Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
2. Political Globalization: Political globalization refers to the increasing interconnectivity and
interdependence of political systems and actors across national borders. It involves the
formation of international organizations, the growth of global governance mechanisms, and the
rise of transnational political movements. Political globalization has led to the emergence of
global norms and standards, the spread of democratic ideals, and the promotion of human
rights. It has also given rise to challenges such as the erosion of national sovereignty and the
concentration of power in global institutions.
3. Cultural Globalization: Cultural globalization refers to the spread and exchange of cultural
ideas, values, and practices across different societies. It involves the diffusion of cultural
products, such as music, films, and literature, as well as the adoption of global consumer trends.
Cultural globalization is facilitated by advancements in communication technology and the
increasing mobility of people. It has led to the homogenization of cultural expressions, the
emergence of hybrid identities, and the clash of cultural values.
4. Geopolitical Globalization: Geopolitical globalization refers to the changing dynamics of
power and influence in the international system. It involves the shifting alliances, the rise of
non-state actors, and the reconfiguration of geopolitical boundaries. Geopolitical globalization is
characterized by the emergence of new centers of power, such as China and India, and the
decline of traditional powers. It has also led to the proliferation of regional organizations and the
increasing importance of global issues such as climate change and terrorism.
5. Ecological Globalization: Ecological globalization refers to the global interconnectedness and
interdependence of ecological systems. It involves the recognition of environmental challenges
that transcend national boundaries, such as climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.
Ecological globalization calls for collective action and cooperation
8. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each :
(a) Unipolar System
Answer:
A unipolar system is a term used in international relations to describe a global power structure in which one state or actor holds significant dominance and influence over others. In a unipolar system, there is a single state that possesses the highest economic, military, cultural, and political power, giving it the ability to shape and guide international policies.
The concept of a unipolar system goes against the traditional theory of balance of power, which suggests that power should be distributed among multiple states to prevent any one state from becoming too dominant. In a unipolar system, there is no other power that can effectively balance or challenge the dominant state, leading to a lack of checks and balances.
The global hegemon in a unipolar system enjoys absolute domination and has the capacity to
dictate international politics. It can set the agenda, influence decision-making processes, and
shape the behavior of other states. The unipolar state often uses its power to promote its own interests and values, which can lead to tensions and conflicts with other states that may resist its dominance.
However, a unipolar system is not without constraints. The absence of a superior authority to
supervise international relations creates an anarchical situation, where states may resist the
domination and dictation of the unipolar state. Additionally, the lack of a balance of power can lead to a zero-sum game, where the gains of one state come at the expense of others.
Unipolar systems have been rare throughout history, with the United States being considered
the closest example of a unipolar power after the end of the Cold War. The collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower, with unrivaled military
capabilities and global influence. However, the rise of other regional powers and the emergence of new challenges have led to debates about the sustainability and future of the unipolar system.
(b) Treaty of Versailles
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, in Versailles, France,
marking the end of World War I. It was one of the most significant treaties in history and had
far-reaching consequences for Europe and the world.
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh conditions on Germany, which was held responsible for the war. Germany was forced to accept full blame for the conflict and was required to pay
massive reparations to the victorious Allied powers. These reparations were intended to
compensate for the damages caused by the war and to weaken Germany economically.
The territorial provisions of the treaty were also severe. Germany lost significant territories,
including Alsace-Lorraine, parts of Prussia, and its overseas colonies. The treaty also imposed
restrictions on Germany’s military, limiting its army size, banning the production of certain
weapons, and demilitarizing the Rhineland.
The Treaty of Versailles was highly controversial and faced criticism from various quarters.
Many Germans viewed it as a harsh and humiliating punishment, leading to resentment and a
desire for revenge. The treaty’s economic burdens and territorial losses contributed to social
and political instability in Germany, which ultimately paved the way for the rise of Adolf Hitler
and the Nazi Party.
The treaty’s impact extended beyond Germany. It redrew the map of Europe, leading to the
dissolution of empires and the creation of new nations. It also established the League of
Nations, an international organization aimed at promoting peace and resolving conflicts.
However, the League of Nations ultimately proved ineffective in preventing the outbreak of
World War II.
In conclusion, the Treaty of Versailles was a pivotal moment in history, marking the end of World War I and shaping the course of the 20th century. While it aimed to establish peace and stability, its harsh conditions and unintended consequences contributed to further conflicts and tensions. The treaty’s impact on Germany and the world serves as a reminder of the complexities and challenges of post-war settlements