B.A. GENERAL (BAG)
Term-End Examination
December, 2022
BEGLA-137 : LANGUAGE THROUGH LITERATURE
Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100
Note : Answer all questions.
Love is a dream
Love is a dream
It’s gone as we wake up
leaving some moments
to be cherished.
Love is like a wind
It embraces us with passion
leaving the scent of fresh flowers
tingling our mind.
Love is like a water bubble
Beautiful to see from far
Even rainbows are visible
But a tender touch will break it
leaving a refreshing sprinkle.
Love resembles a shadow
We try to escape but it follows
At times it makes us hollow
It disappears with the Sun
And leaves us in the Nights.
Questions :
(a) Give an example of personification.
Answer:
The poem uses personification in the line “Love resembles a shadow”
(b) Give an example of a metaphor.
Answer:
The poem uses a metaphor in the line “Love is like a wind”
(c) What example of paradox do you find in the given lines ?
Answer:
The paradox in the poem is “Love is gone as we wake up, leaving some moments to be
cherished”
(d) How has repetition been employed in the quoted lines ?
Answer:
Repetition has been employed in the poem by repeating the line “Love is a dream” at the
beginning of the first two stanzas
(e) Suggest an appropriate title.
Answer:
Possible titles for the poem could be “Love’s Paradoxes”, “The Many Faces of Love”, or “Love’s
Fragility”
(a) The girl ran ________ her father.
Answer:
The girl ran to her father.
(b) The horse-rider fell _______ the horse.
Answer:
The horse-rider fell off the horse.
(c) The Earth revolves _________ the Sun.
Answer:
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
(d) Rohan was hiding _________ the trees.
Answer:
Rohan was hiding among the trees.
(e) He put the books _________ the table.
Answer:
He put the books on the table.
(f) Radha took something _________ the drawer.
Answer:
Radha took something from the drawer.
(g) There is someone ________ the door.
Answer:
There is someone at the door.
(h) The new table is made ________ wood.
Answer:
The new table is made of wood.
(i) Ravi was part _________ the team that won the championship.
Answer:
Ravi was part of the team that won the championship.
(j) I have brought you some books _________ you to examine.
Answer:
I have brought you some books for you to examine.
(a) Types of Compounds
Answer:
Compounds are substances that are formed by the chemical combination of two or more
elements in a fixed ratio. There are different types of compounds, which are as follows:
1. Ionic Compounds: Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to
another. They are made up of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions
(anions) that are held together by electrostatic forces. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is an
ionic compound that is formed by the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine.
2. Covalent Compounds: Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between
atoms. They are made up of molecules that are held together by covalent bonds. For example,
water (H2O) is a covalent compound that is formed by the sharing of electrons between
hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
3. Metallic Compounds: Metallic compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between
metal atoms. They are characterized by their high electrical conductivity and luster. For
example, copper (Cu) is a metallic compound that is formed by the sharing of electrons between
copper atoms.
4. Molecular Compounds: Molecular compounds are formed by the combination of two or more
non-metal atoms. They are made up of molecules that are held together by covalent bonds. For
example, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a molecular compound that is formed by the combination of
carbon and oxygen atoms.
5. Organic Compounds: Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded
to hydrogen atoms and other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. They are the basis
of life and are found in all living organisms. For example, glucose (C6H12O6) is an organic
compound that is found in plants and is used as a source of energy.
(b) Speech and Writing
Answer:
Speech and writing are two modes of language that serve different purposes and have distinct
characteristics.
Speech involves the use of vocal and auditory systems to communicate with others. It is a
transient form of language that dissipates in the air after it is spoken. Speech also uses
intonation contours for statements, questions, special focus, and different degrees of pauses.
For example, when we ask a question, our voice rises at the end of the sentence to indicate that
it is a question. Similarly, when we want to emphasize a particular word or phrase, we may
pause or stress it.
Writing, on the other hand, involves the use of visual capacity to communicate with others. It is a
more permanent form of language that can be recorded and preserved. Writing exploits
punctuations to give a rhythm of language, and we can also have diagrams, graphs, charts, and
equations in writing. Writing generally involves some distance between the writer and the
reader, and hence it involves distance between the interlocutors. Due to this distance, writing
generally is more grammatically complete. For example, when we write an essay, we use proper
grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure to convey our ideas clearly.
Although speech and writing are different modes of language, they are not entirely exclusive.
We can find elements of speech in written dialogues as in novels and dramas, or even have the
written form in speech as in the news broadcast/telecast over the radio/TV. All dramas (plays)
are constructed on the pattern of oral speech (dialogues). Dialogues in drama function at two
levels as shown in the diagram below from Short (1989: 49) [M. Short 1989: ‘Discourse analysis
and the analysis of drama’].
(c) Extended Metaphor
Answer:
An extended metaphor is a literary device that is used to create a comparison between two
things that are not alike, but share some common characteristics. It is a metaphor that is
developed over several lines or throughout an entire poem or piece of writing. The purpose of
an extended metaphor is to create a deeper understanding of the subject by comparing it to
something else.
For example, in William Shakespeare’s play “As You Like It,” the character Jacques compares
the world to a stage and human beings to actors. He says, “All the world’s a stage, and all the
men and women merely players; they have their exits and their entrances, and one man in his
time plays many parts.” This extended metaphor is used to convey the idea that life is like a
play, and we are all actors playing our parts.
Another example of an extended metaphor is found in Emily Dickinson’s poem “Hope is the
Thing with Feathers.” In this poem, hope is compared to a bird that perches in the soul and
sings a tune without words. The metaphor is extended throughout the poem, with the bird being
described as never stopping, even in the face of adversity.
Extended metaphors are effective in literature because they allow the writer to create a deeper
understanding of the subject by comparing it to something else. They also help to create a more
vivid and memorable image in the reader’s mind.
(d) Eulogy
Answer:
A eulogy is a speech or written tribute that is given in honor of someone who has passed away.
It is a way to celebrate the life of the deceased and to express gratitude for their contributions to
the world. A eulogy can be delivered by a family member, friend, or colleague of the deceased,
and it is typically given at a funeral or memorial service.
A eulogy typically includes personal anecdotes, memories, and reflections on the life of the
deceased. It may also include quotes, poems, or other readings that are meaningful to the
speaker or the deceased. The purpose of a eulogy is to honor the life of the deceased and to
provide comfort and closure to those who are grieving.
For example, a eulogy for a beloved grandmother might include stories about her kindness, her
love of baking, and her devotion to her family. The speaker might share memories of baking
cookies with her as a child, or of the way she always had a listening ear and a warm hug. The
eulogy might also include a favorite poem or quote that was meaningful to the grandmother.
Another example of a eulogy might be for a colleague who was known for their dedication to
their work. The speaker might share stories of the deceased’s accomplishments, their tireless
work ethic, and their commitment to their colleagues. The eulogy might also include quotes or
readings that reflect the deceased’s values and beliefs.
Overall, a eulogy is a way to honor the life of the deceased and to provide comfort and closure
to those who are grieving. It is a powerful way to celebrate the impact that the deceased had on
the world and to remember them with love and respect.
In literature, style refers to the way in which a writer uses language to convey his or her ideas
and emotions to the reader. It is the manner in which a writer chooses words, phrases, sentence
structures, and literary devices to create a particular effect on the reader. Style is an essential
element of literature as it helps to create a unique voice for the writer and makes the writing
more engaging and interesting for the reader.
The salient features of style in literature are as follows:
1. Diction: Diction refers to the choice of words used by the writer. It includes the use of specific
words, their connotations, and their arrangement in a sentence. The choice of words can create
a particular tone or mood in the writing.
2. Syntax: Syntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed
sentences. It includes the use of sentence structures, such as simple, compound, and complex
sentences, to create a particular effect on the reader.
3. Tone: Tone refers to the writer’s attitude towards the subject matter. It can be formal, informal,
serious, humorous, or ironic. The tone can create a particular mood or atmosphere in the
writing.
4. Imagery: Imagery refers to the use of descriptive language to create mental images in the
reader’s mind. It includes the use of sensory details, such as sight, sound, smell, taste, and
touch, to create a vivid picture of the subject matter.
5. Figurative language: Figurative language refers to the use of literary devices, such as
metaphors, similes, personification, and hyperbole, to create a particular effect on the reader. It
can add depth and meaning to the writing.
6. Rhetorical devices: Rhetorical devices refer to the use of language to persuade or influence
the reader. It includes the use of devices such as repetition, parallelism, and rhetorical questions
to create a particular effect on the reader.
In conclusion, style is an essential element of literature that helps to create a unique voice for
the writer and makes the writing more engaging and interesting for the reader. The salient
features of style include diction, syntax, tone, imagery, figurative language, and rhetorical
devices.
language, brain, hand, budding, brush, carpet, skill, vision, smell, charm
1. Language is a powerful tool that can be used to connect people from different cultures and
backgrounds.
2. The human brain is a complex organ that is responsible for controlling all of our bodily
functions.
3. She used her hand to gesture towards the door, indicating that it was time to leave.
4. The budding artist spent hours each day practicing her craft, determined to perfect her skills.
5. He used a brush to carefully paint each stroke, creating a beautiful masterpiece.
6. The soft carpet felt luxurious underfoot, adding a touch of elegance to the room.
7. With years of practice, he had honed his skill as a master chef, creating dishes that were both
delicious and visually stunning.
8. Her vision for the future was one of hope and optimism, inspiring those around her to work
towards a better tomorrow.
9. The smell of freshly baked bread wafted through the air, making everyone’s mouth water.
10. Her charm and charisma made her the life of the party, drawing people to her like a magnet.
Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively and persuasively in speech or writing. It involves
the use of various techniques and devices to create a desired effect on the audience. Some of
the salient features of rhetoric include an appeal to emotions, elevation of style, and effective
organization .
For example, in Pandit Nehru’s speech on the death of Mahatma Gandhi, he appeals to the
emotions of his audience by saying “Friends and Comrades, the light has gone out of our lives
and there is darkness everywhere” . This creates a sense of sadness and loss in the audience.
Another example is Winston Churchill’s speech during World War II, where he uses elevated
language and powerful imagery to inspire and motivate his audience to fight against the enemy.
He says “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in
the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender” . This creates a
sense of determination and courage in the audience.
Overall, rhetoric is a powerful tool that can be used to influence and persuade people, and it is
important to understand its various features and techniques in order to appreciate and analyze
literary and rhetorical pieces better.
(a) Ram ________ (fall) asleep when he was driving.
Answer:
Ram fell asleep when he was driving.
(b) It started to rain while we _________ (play) cricket.
Answer:
It started to rain while we were playing cricket.
(c) The school authorities __________ (meet) the parents yesterday.
Answer:
The school authorities met the parents yesterday.
(d) He _________ (start) a factory in town last year.
Answer:
He started a factory in town last year.
(e) This book _________ (write) in 1971.
Answer:
This book was written in 1971.
Synecdoche,
Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or
the whole is used to represent a part. It is a type of figurative language that is used to create a
more vivid and memorable image in the reader’s mind.
For example, in the sentence “All hands on deck,” the word “hands” is used to represent the
sailors who are needed to help with the ship. In this case, “hands” is a synecdoche for the
sailors as a whole.
Another example of synecdoche is found in the sentence “The White House announced a new
policy today.” In this case, “The White House” is used to represent the President and his
administration as a whole.
Synecdoche can also be used to represent a specific type of thing by using a more general
term. For example, in the sentence “The pen is mightier than the sword,” the word “pen” is used
to represent the power of writing and communication, while the word “sword” is used to
represent physical force.
Overall, synecdoche is a powerful literary device that is used to create a more vivid and
memorable image in the reader’s mind. It is a way to represent complex ideas or concepts in a
simple and accessible way, and it is often used in poetry, literature, and everyday language.
Hyperbole,
Hyperbole is a literary device that involves the use of exaggeration to create emphasis or effect.
It is often used to make a point, to create humor, or to evoke strong emotions in the reader or
listener. Hyperbole is a common feature of poetry, prose, and everyday speech.
Examples of hyperbole:
1. “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!” – This is an example of hyperbole because it is an
exaggeration of how hungry the speaker is. They are not actually going to eat a horse, but they
are emphasizing how hungry they feel.
2. “I’ve told you a million times to clean your room!” – This is an example of hyperbole because
the speaker has not actually told the person to clean their room a million times. They are
exaggerating to emphasize how many times they have asked.
3. “I’m as old as the hills.” – This is an example of hyperbole because the speaker is not actually
as old as the hills. They are exaggerating to emphasize how old they feel.
4. “I’m so tired I could sleep for a week.” – This is an example of hyperbole because the speaker
is not actually going to sleep for a week. They are exaggerating to emphasize how tired they
feel.
5. “I’m so happy I could dance on the moon.” – This is an example of hyperbole because the
speaker is not actually going to dance on the moon. They are exaggerating to emphasize how
happy they feel.
In conclusion, hyperbole is a literary device that involves the use of exaggeration to create
emphasis or effect. It is often used to make a point, to create humor, or to evoke strong
emotions in the reader or listener. Examples of hyperbole include exaggerating how hungry you
are, how many times you have asked someone to do something, or how old you feel.
Rhythm,
Rhythm is a literary device that refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a
line of poetry or prose. It is the musical quality of language that creates a sense of movement
and flow, and it is often used to create a specific mood or tone in a piece of writing.
For example, in the sentence “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain,” there is a clear rhythm
created by the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. The stressed syllables are “rain,”
“Spain,” “falls,” and “mainly,” while the unstressed syllables are “the,” “in,” “on,” and “the.” This
creates a rhythmic pattern that is pleasing to the ear and helps to create a sense of movement
and flow in the sentence.
Another example of rhythm can be found in the poem “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe. The
poem has a very distinct rhythm created by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables.
For example, in the first stanza, the rhythm is created by the repetition of the word “nevermore”
at the end of each line. This creates a sense of foreboding and helps to set the tone for the rest
of the poem.
Overall, rhythm is a powerful literary device that is used to create a sense of movement and flow
in a piece of writing. It is often used in poetry, but can also be found in prose and everyday
language. By creating a specific rhythm, writers can create a specific mood or tone that helps to
convey their message to the reader.
Personification
Personification is a literary device in which human qualities, characteristics, or emotions are
attributed to non-human entities, such as animals, objects, or natural phenomena. It is a type of
figurative language that is used to create a more vivid and engaging image in the reader’s mind.
For example, in the sentence “The wind howled through the night,” the wind is personified as if it
were a human being capable of howling. This creates a more vivid and engaging image in the
reader’s mind, and helps to convey the power and intensity of the wind.
Another example of personification can be found in the sentence “The sun smiled down on us.”
In this case, the sun is personified as if it were a human being capable of smiling. This creates a
more positive and uplifting image in the reader’s mind, and helps to convey the warmth and
brightness of the sun.
Personification can also be used to create a sense of empathy or connection between the
reader and the non-human entity being personified. For example, in the children’s book “The
Giving Tree” by Shel Silverstein, the tree is personified as if it were a human being capable of
love and sacrifice. This creates a sense of empathy and connection between the reader and the
tree, and helps to convey the message of the book.
Overall, personification is a powerful literary device that is used to create a more vivid and
engaging image in the reader’s mind. It is often used in poetry, literature, and everyday
language, and can be used to convey a wide range of emotions and ideas.
(a) The dog is wagging it’s tail.
The dog is wagging its tail. (The word “it’s” is a contraction of “it is” or “it has,” while “its” is a
possessive pronoun.)
(b) How many money do you have.
How much money do you have? (The word “money” is an uncountable noun, so we use “much”
instead of “many.”)
(c) After dinner, we enjoyed a film in TV.
After dinner, we enjoyed a film on TV. (We use “on” instead of “in” when referring to watching
something on television.)
(d) I have many happy memories about my childhood.
I have many happy memories of my childhood. (We use “of” instead of “about” when referring to
memories.)
(e) The temperature of Amritsar is hotter than Delhi.
The temperature of Amritsar is higher than that of Delhi. (We use “higher” instead of “hotter”
when comparing temperatures, and we need to include “that of” to make the comparison clear.)
B.A. GENERAL (BAG) Term-End Examination June, 2023 BEGLA-137 : LANGUAGE THROUGH LITERATURE Time: 3 hours …
Psychology Professor's Tips for Studying Smarter: Breaks, Efficiency, and Creating a Study Area Take…
Study Tips to Maximize Learning: Effective Note-Taking and Asking Questions for Academic Success Taking…
June, 2023 BEGC-134 : READING THE NOVEL Section—A Note: Write short notes on any four…
In-depth Notes for BEGC 133 British Literature Block 1 Question: Write a note on Renaissance…
Term-End Examination December, 2022 BEGC-133 : BRITISH LITERATURE Time : 3 hours …