December, 2022
BEGC-134 : READING THE NOVEL
Section—A
1) Write short notes on any four of the following in about 70-100 words each : 4×5=20
(a) Types of Narrative Modes
Ans
Narrative modes are the ways in which a story is told. The two main types of narrative
modes are first-person and third-person. In first-person, the narrator is a character in the
story and tells it from their perspective using “I” or “we.” This mode allows for a more
personal connection with the reader but limits the scope of the story to what the narrator
knows. In third-person, the narrator is not a character in the story and uses “he,” “she,”
or “they” to tell it. This mode allows for a broader perspective and more objective
storytelling but can be less engaging for readers who prefer a personal connection with
characters. Both modes have their merits and demerits, and choosing one depends on
the author’s goals for their story.
(b) Characterisation
Ans
Characterisation is the process of creating and developing characters in a work of
literature. It is an essential element of storytelling because it helps readers understand
and connect with the characters. There are two types of characterisation: direct and
indirect. Direct characterisation is when the author tells readers about a character’s
personality, traits, or motivations explicitly. Indirect characterisation is when the author
shows readers what a character is like through their actions, thoughts, or interactions
with other characters. Effective characterisation makes characters feel real and relatable
to readers, which can enhance their emotional investment in the story. It also helps drive
the plot forward by creating conflict and tension between characters with different
personalities or motivations.
(c) Themes
Ans:
Themes are the underlying ideas or messages that a work of literature conveys. They
are often universal and can be applied to different contexts beyond the story itself.
Themes can be explicit or implicit, and they can be developed through various literary
elements such as plot, characterisation, setting, and tone. Themes can also be
interpreted differently by different readers based on their own experiences and
perspectives. Identifying themes in a work of literature can help readers understand its
deeper meaning and appreciate its relevance to their own lives. Themes can also
provide insight into the author’s worldview or social commentary on issues such as love,
power, justice, or identity.
(d) New areas of novel writing
Ans:
The twentieth century saw significant changes in the novel as a literary genre. Western
fiction moved away from Victorian and realistic images and found new paradigms,
expectations, desires, and imagination. By the end of the century, different forms of the
novel had taken centre stage. The novel as a genre saw striking changes by the time we
entered the new millennium. A large number of writers who had contributed
tremendously to post-war British fiction had died. These changes led to new areas of
novel writing that explored diverse themes, styles, and perspectives. Some examples
include postcolonial literature, feminist literature, magical realism, and experimental
literature. These new areas of novel writing reflect the changing social, cultural, and
political contexts of their time and continue to shape contemporary literature today.
(e) Amos Tutuola
Ans:
Amos Tutuola was a Nigerian writer who gained international recognition for his novel,
The Palm Wine Drinkard. Published in 1952, the novel tells the story of a palm-wine
addict on a quest to find his dead palm-wine tapper. While European critics praised
Tutuola’s innovative use of English and fusion of folklore with modern life, some Nigerian
writers criticized his “incorrect” use of the language. Despite this, Tutuola’s work remains
an important contribution to African literature and has influenced many writers since its
publication. His writing style is characterized by a unique blend of traditional African
storytelling techniques and modern literary forms.
(f) Summary of Paraja
Ans:
Paraja is a novel by Gopinath Mohanty that tells the story of a tribal community in
Odisha, India, and their struggle to maintain their traditional way of life in the face of
modernization. The novel explores themes such as the clash between tradition and
modernity, the impact of colonialism on indigenous communities, and the struggle for
survival in a changing world. Through vivid descriptions of the landscape, customs, and
beliefs of the Paraja people, Mohanty creates a powerful portrait of a community facing
profound challenges. Ultimately, Paraja is a moving and thought-provoking work that
offers insights into the complexities of cultural change and its impact on individuals and
communities.
Section—B
Answer any two of the following questions in about 150-200 words each : 2×10=20
2) The Indian English Novels
Ans:
The Indian English novel is a literary genre that emerged in the mid-twentieth century and has
since become a significant part of Indian literature. It refers to novels written in English by Indian
authors who often explore themes related to Indian society, culture, and history. The genre
gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of postcolonial studies and the
globalisation of literature.
Some notable Indian English novelists include Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Vikram Seth,
Amitav Ghosh, and Jhumpa Lahiri. Their works have received critical acclaim both in India and
abroad for their unique perspectives on Indian life and culture. Many of these authors have also
won prestigious literary awards such as the Booker Prize.
The Indian English novel has been instrumental in shaping contemporary Indian literature by
providing a platform for diverse voices to be heard. It has also helped bridge the gap between
India and the West by making Indian culture more accessible to a global audience. However,
some critics argue that the genre perpetuates colonialism by using English as its medium of
expression instead of promoting regional languages.
Despite these debates, the Indian English novel continues to evolve and thrive as a literary
genre that reflects India’s complex social, cultural, and political realities.
Overall, the Indian English novel is an important part of India’s literary heritage that has
contributed significantly to its cultural identity both at home and abroad.
However, it is essential to recognise that it is only one aspect of India’s rich literary tradition that
includes many other languages and forms of expression.
3) Early writings in Yoruba
Ans:
Early writings in Yoruba were characterized by a blend of reality and fantasy, reflecting the rich
cultural heritage of the Yoruba people. One of the earliest attempts at imaginative writing in
Yoruba was Isaac Thomas’s The Autobiography of Segilola: The Lady with the Delicate Eye
Balls. Written in the form of letters by a prostitute to a newspaper editor, the book describes her
plight in Lagos. This work inspired Cyprian Ekwensi to write about metropolitan life, particularly
Lagos, in his novels, with Jagua Nana being his most well-known work.
Another important Yoruba writer was D.O. Fagunwa, whose blend of reality and fantasy is
evident in his adventure stories The Brave Hunter in the Forest of the Four Hundred Gods and
The Forests of Oldumare. These stories are heavily infused with morality and have become
classics in Yoruba literature.
Yoruba literature has also been influenced by writers who wrote in English, such as Chinua
Achebe and Amos Tutuola. Tutuola’s The Palm Wine Drinkard was a major breakthrough for
Nigerian literature written in English. It tells the story of a palm-wine addict on a quest to find his
dead palm-wine tapper and fuses folklore with modern life.
Overall, early writings in Yoruba reflect a rich cultural heritage that has been passed down
through generations. They provide insight into traditional beliefs and practices while also
exploring contemporary issues faced by people living in urban areas like Lagos.
4) Simplicity of style in Things Fall Apart.
Ans:
The simplicity of style in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart has been a topic of debate among
literary critics. Some argue that the novel’s straightforward prose is a reflection of Achebe’s
desire to convey the story in a way that is accessible to all readers, regardless of their level of
education or familiarity with African culture. Others argue that the simplicity of style is a
deliberate choice on Achebe’s part, intended to highlight the complexity and depth of the story’s
themes.
One way in which Achebe achieves simplicity is through his use of language. He avoids
complex sentence structures and uses simple, direct language to convey his message. This
approach allows readers to focus on the story itself rather than getting bogged down in
complicated language.
Another way in which Achebe achieves simplicity is through his use of storytelling techniques.
The novel is structured around traditional African storytelling techniques, with each chapter
functioning as a self-contained story that contributes to the overall narrative. This approach
makes it easier for readers to follow along and understand the story.
Overall, while some may argue that Things Fall Apart’s simplicity of style detracts from its
literary merit, others see it as a strength that allows the novel to reach a wider audience and
convey its message more effectively.
5) Use of Colloquialism in Paraja.
Ans:
Gopinath Mohanty’s Paraja is known for its use of colloquialism, which is a style of writing that
reflects the everyday language and speech patterns of a particular region or community. In the
novel, Mohanty uses colloquialism to create a sense of authenticity and realism in his portrayal
of the Paraja people and their way of life. By using local idioms, expressions, and dialects, he
captures the unique flavor of the tribal culture and makes it accessible to readers.
The use of colloquialism also serves to highlight the cultural differences between the Paraja
people and mainstream Indian society. The novel is set in a remote region where traditional
customs and beliefs are still practiced, and Mohanty’s use of colloquial language helps to
convey this sense of isolation. At the same time, however, he also shows how these cultural
differences are eroding as modernization takes hold.
Overall, Mohanty’s use of colloquialism in Paraja is an effective way to bring his characters and
their world to life. It helps readers to connect with the story on a deeper level by immersing them
in the language and culture of the Paraja people. At the same time, it also serves as a reminder
that cultural diversity is an important part of India’s heritage that should be celebrated and
preserved.
Section—C
Answer any three of the following questions in about 500-600 words each. 3×20=60
6) Attempt a Psychological reading of The Awakening.
Ans:
The Awakening by Kate Chopin is a novel that explores the psychological journey of its
protagonist, Edna Pontellier. The novel is set in the late 19th century and follows Edna’s
transformation from a dutiful wife and mother to an independent woman who seeks to break free
from societal expectations and norms. A psychological reading of The Awakening reveals the
complex inner workings of Edna’s mind as she struggles to find her place in a world that does
not allow for female autonomy.
One of the key psychological themes in The Awakening is the concept of identity formation.
Throughout the novel, Edna grapples with questions about who she is and what she wants out
of life. She begins to question her role as a wife and mother, realizing that these roles do not
fulfill her sense of self. As she becomes more aware of her desires and needs, she begins to
assert herself more forcefully, both in her personal relationships and in society at large.
Another important psychological theme in The Awakening is the idea of repression. Edna has
been repressed for most of her life, forced to conform to societal expectations and norms that
do not align with her true self. As she begins to awaken to her own desires, she must confront
the ways in which she has been repressed and suppressed by those around her. This leads to a
sense of internal conflict as she struggles between what society expects of her and what she
wants for herself.
The concept of gender also plays a significant role in The Awakening from a psychological
perspective. Edna’s journey can be seen as a feminist one, as she seeks to break free from
traditional gender roles and expectations. She rejects the idea that women should be
subservient to men or defined solely by their roles as wives and mothers. Instead, she asserts
herself as an individual with agency and autonomy.
Another important aspect of The Awakening from a psychological perspective is its exploration
of sexuality. Edna’s sexual desires are a key part of her awakening, as she begins to explore
her own sexuality and desires outside of the confines of marriage. This exploration is both
liberating and terrifying for Edna, as she confronts the ways in which society has repressed
female sexuality.
Finally, The Awakening can be read as a commentary on mental health and wellbeing. As Edna
becomes more aware of her own desires and needs, she also becomes increasingly isolated
from those around her. This isolation leads to a sense of loneliness and despair that ultimately
drives her to take drastic action. Her suicide can be seen as a tragic consequence of the
psychological toll that societal repression and isolation can take on an individual.
In conclusion, a psychological reading of The Awakening reveals the complex inner workings of
Edna Pontellier’s mind as she struggles to find her place in a world that does not allow for
female autonomy. The novel explores themes of identity formation, repression, gender,
sexuality, and mental health and wellbeing. Through Edna’s journey, readers are invited to
consider the ways in which societal expectations and norms can impact an individual’s sense of
self and wellbeing. Ultimately, The Awakening is a powerful exploration of the human psyche
and the ways in which we navigate our own desires and needs in a world that often seeks to
suppress them.
7) Would you agree that Things Fall Apart appeals to a universal readership? Defend
your answer with examples from the novel.
Ans:
Yes, I would agree that Things Fall Apart appeals to a universal readership. The novel’s themes
and characters are relatable to readers from all cultures and backgrounds, making it a timeless
classic that continues to resonate with readers today.
One of the ways in which Things Fall Apart appeals to a universal readership is through its
exploration of the human condition. The novel tells the story of Okonkwo, a proud and ambitious
man who struggles to come to terms with the changes taking place in his community. His story
is one of triumphs and failures, joys and sorrows, love and loss. These are all experiences that
are common to people everywhere, regardless of their cultural or ethnic background.
Another way in which Things Fall Apart appeals to a universal readership is through its
exploration of the clash between tradition and modernity. This theme is particularly relevant in
today’s world, where many cultures are grappling with the challenges posed by globalization
and rapid social change. In the novel, Achebe portrays the tension between traditional Igbo
culture and the forces of colonialism as a struggle for survival. This struggle is not unique to
Africa but can be seen in many parts of the world where traditional ways of life are threatened
by outside influences.
The novel also explores themes related to gender roles and power dynamics within families and
communities. Okonkwo’s relationships with his wives and children highlight the complex
dynamics at play within traditional African societies. These themes are not limited to Africa but
can be seen in many cultures around the world.
Achebe’s use of language also contributes to the novel’s universal appeal. While he draws
heavily on Igbo culture and language, he does so in a way that is accessible to readers from all
backgrounds. He weaves Igbo words into his English prose, providing context for their meaning
without disrupting the flow of the narrative. This approach allows readers to gain insight into
Igbo culture while still being able to follow the story.
Finally, the novel’s characters are complex and multi-dimensional, making them relatable to
readers from all cultures. Okonkwo, for example, is a flawed but sympathetic character who
struggles to reconcile his desire for success with his commitment to traditional values. His story
is one that can be understood and appreciated by readers from all backgrounds.
In conclusion, Things Fall Apart is a novel that appeals to a universal readership. Its exploration
of the human condition, the clash between tradition and modernity, gender roles and power
dynamics within families and communities, and its use of language all contribute to its enduring
appeal. The specifically, the novel’s portrayal of the impact of colonialism on traditional African
societies has resonated with readers around the world. Achebe’s depiction of the destructive
effects of colonialism on Igbo culture and society is a powerful critique of European imperialism
and its legacy. This theme is not limited to Africa but can be seen in many parts of the world
where colonialism has left a lasting impact.
Furthermore, Achebe’s use of storytelling techniques draws on traditional African oral traditions,
making the novel accessible to readers from all cultures. The novel is structured around a series
of interconnected stories that are told in a simple, straightforward style. This approach allows
readers to engage with the story on multiple levels, from its surface-level narrative to its deeper
themes and messages.
Finally, Achebe’s portrayal of Okonkwo as a tragic hero is another aspect of the novel that
appeals to a universal readership. Okonkwo’s story is one that transcends cultural and ethnic
boundaries, as it speaks to the universal human experience of struggle and redemption. His
character embodies both the strengths and weaknesses of human nature, making him relatable
to readers from all backgrounds.
In conclusion, Things Fall Apart is a novel that has appealed to readers around the world for
decades. Its exploration of universal themes such as the human condition, tradition versus
modernity, gender roles and power dynamics within families and communities, and colonialism
have made it a timeless classic that continues to resonate with readers today. Achebe’s use of
language and storytelling techniques also contribute to its universal appeal by making it
accessible to readers from all cultures. Overall, Things Fall Apart is a powerful work of literature
that speaks to the shared experiences and struggles of humanity.
8) Examine the intellectual setting of The Awakening
Ans:
The Awakening by Kate Chopin is a novel that was published in 1899 and is set in the late 19th
century. The intellectual setting of the novel is characterized by a number of social, cultural, and
political factors that influenced the way people thought about gender roles, sexuality, and
individualism during this time period.
One of the key intellectual movements of the late 19th century was feminism. Women’s rights
activists were advocating for greater equality between men and women, including access to
education, suffrage, and economic opportunities. The Awakening can be seen as a feminist
work in that it explores the ways in which societal expectations and norms limit women’s
autonomy and agency. Edna Pontellier’s journey can be read as a critique of traditional gender
roles and an assertion of female independence.
Another important intellectual movement of the late 19th century was naturalism. Naturalist
writers sought to depict life as it really was, without idealizing or romanticizing it. The Awakening
can be seen as a naturalist work in that it portrays Edna’s struggles with realism and honesty.
She confronts the realities of her own desires and needs, even when they conflict with societal
expectations or her own sense of morality.
The intellectual setting of The Awakening is also characterized by a growing interest in
psychology. Sigmund Freud had recently published his theories on psychoanalysis, which
emphasized the importance of unconscious desires and motivations in shaping human behavior.
The novel can be read as a psychological exploration of Edna’s inner world as she grapples with
questions about her identity, desires, and sense of self.
In addition to these intellectual movements, The Awakening is also situated within a specific
historical context. The novel takes place during a time when America was undergoing significant
social change due to industrialization and urbanization. These changes led to new opportunities
for women outside of traditional domestic roles but also created new challenges related to social
mobility and class stratification.
The intellectual setting of The Awakening is also influenced by the cultural context of the late
19th century. The novel was published during the height of the Victorian era, a time when strict
moral codes and social norms governed behavior. The novel can be seen as a critique of these
norms, particularly in its exploration of female sexuality and desire.
Finally, The Awakening is situated within the literary context of its time. Realism and naturalism
were dominant literary movements, and Chopin’s work can be seen as part of this tradition.
However, her exploration of female autonomy and sexuality was groundbreaking for its time and
paved the way for later feminist writers such as Virginia Woolf and Sylvia Plath.
In conclusion, the intellectual setting of The Awakening is complex and multifaceted. The novel
is situated within a specific historical, cultural, and literary context that influenced the way
people thought about gender roles, sexuality, and individualism during the late 19th century. The
novel can be read as a feminist work that critiques traditional gender roles and asserts female
independence. It can also be seen as a naturalist work that portrays life realistically without
idealizing or romanticizing it. Finally, the novel is situated within a broader intellectual context
that includes growing interest in psychology and significant social change due to
industrialization and urbanization. Overall, The Awakening is a powerful exploration of the
human psyche and the ways in which societal expectations and norms can impact an
individual’s sense of self and wellbeing.
9) Discuss Paraja as a novel of exploitation.
Ans:
Gopinath Mohanty’s Paraja is a novel that explores the theme of exploitation in various forms.
The novel is set in a remote region of Odisha, India, where the Paraja people live. The story
revolves around the life of Sukru Jani, a tribal peasant who struggles to survive in a world that is
rapidly changing. Through Sukru Jani’s experiences, Mohanty portrays the exploitation of the
Paraja people by the so-called civilized world.
One of the main forms of exploitation depicted in Paraja is economic exploitation. The novel
shows how the tribal peasants are forced to work as bonded laborers for wealthy landlords who
exploit them for their labor and pay them meager wages. Sukru Jani and his family are among
those who suffer from this form of exploitation. They are forced to work long hours in harsh
conditions and are paid very little for their labor. This economic exploitation leaves them trapped
in a cycle of poverty and debt that they cannot escape.
Another form of exploitation depicted in Paraja is cultural exploitation. The novel shows how the
traditional way of life of the Paraja people is threatened by modernization and urbanization. As
more and more outsiders come into their region, they bring with them new ideas and values that
clash with those of the tribal community. This cultural clash leads to a loss of identity and a
sense of alienation among the Paraja people.
The novel also depicts political exploitation, as it shows how the state apparatus oppresses and
exploits the tribal community. The government officials who are supposed to protect their rights
often turn a blind eye to their suffering or actively participate in their oppression. For example,
when Sukru Jani’s village is flooded due to a dam project, government officials do not provide
any assistance or compensation to those affected by it.
In addition to these forms of exploitation, Paraja also explores themes such as gender inequality
and environmental degradation. The novel shows how women are often marginalized and
oppressed within the tribal community, and how their voices are not heard. It also depicts how
the natural environment is being destroyed by modernization and industrialization, leading to a
loss of biodiversity and ecological balance.
Overall, Paraja is a powerful novel that exposes the exploitation of the Paraja people in various
forms. Through Sukru Jani’s experiences, Mohanty shows how economic, cultural, and political
forces work together to oppress and exploit the tribal community. The novel also highlights the
importance of resistance and solidarity in the face of such exploitation. Despite their suffering,
Sukru Jani and his family never
10) Comment briefly on the art of you enjoy reading in the course characterisation of the novel
Ans:
Characterisation is an essential element of the novel that can make or break a story. I can
provide a general overview of the art of characterisation in the novel.
Effective characterisation involves creating characters that feel real and relatable to readers.
This can be achieved through various literary techniques such as direct and indirect
characterisation, dialogue, action, and description. Direct characterisation involves explicitly
telling readers about a character’s personality, traits, or motivations. Indirect characterisation
involves showing readers what a character is like through their actions, thoughts, or interactions
with other characters.
One of the most enjoyable aspects of reading novels for many people is getting to know the
characters and becoming invested in their stories. A well-developed character can evoke
empathy, sympathy, or even antipathy from readers depending on their personality and actions.
For example, in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment, the protagonist Raskolnikov’s
internal struggle between his rationality and morality creates a complex and compelling
character that readers can relate to despite his heinous crime.
Another aspect of characterisation that I enjoy reading is how it drives the plot forward by
creating conflict and tension between characters with different personalities or motivations. For
example, in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the tension between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr
Darcy arises from their initial prejudices towards each other based on social class differences.
The gradual development of their relationship throughout the novel creates a satisfying
resolution that is both romantic and socially progressive.
Furthermore, effective characterisation can also provide insight into larger social issues such as
gender roles or racial discrimination. For example, in Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Sethe’s traumatic
experiences as a former slave shape her identity as a mother who would do anything to protect
her children from experiencing similar trauma. The novel explores themes related to slavery,
motherhood, and the psychological effects of trauma on individuals and communities.
In conclusion, characterisation is an essential aspect of the novel that can make or break a
story. Effective characterisation involves creating characters that feel real and relatable to
readers through various literary techniques such as direct and indirect characterisation,
dialogue, action, and description. The art of characterisation can evoke empathy, sympathy, or
antipathy from readers depending on the personality and actions of the characters. It can also
drive the plot forward by creating conflict and tension between characters with different
personalities or motivations. Finally, effective characterisation can provide insight into larger
social issues such such as gender roles, racial discrimination, or the psychological effects of
trauma on individuals and communities. The art of characterisation is a crucial element of the
novel that can help readers understand and empathise with different perspectives and
experiences.
One of the most significant challenges in characterisation is creating characters that are both
unique and believable. Characters should have distinct personalities, motivations, and
backgrounds that make them stand out from other characters in the story. At the same time,
they should also be realistic and consistent with their actions and behaviours throughout the
novel.
Another challenge in characterisation is avoiding stereotypes or caricatures that can perpetuate
harmful stereotypes or misrepresentations of certain groups of people. For example, portraying
all women as emotional or all men as aggressive can reinforce gender stereotypes that do not
accurately reflect the diversity of human experience.
Moreover, characterisation can also be used to explore complex social issues such as race,
class, or sexuality. By creating characters from diverse backgrounds with different experiences
and perspectives, authors can provide insight into larger social issues that affect individuals and
communities. However, it is essential to approach these issues with sensitivity and respect to
avoid perpetuating harmful stereotypes or misrepresentations.
In conclusion, characterisation is an art form that requires skillful storytelling to create characters
that feel real and relatable to readers. Effective characterisation can evoke empathy, drive the
plot forward, and provide insight into larger social issues. However, it also presents challenges
such as avoiding stereotypes or caricatures while exploring complex social issues with
sensitivity and respect. Overall, the art of characterisation is a crucial element of the novel that
can enrich our understanding of human experience by providing diverse perspectives on life’s
complexities.
11) Analyze the role of Sukru Jani in Paraja.
Ans:
Sukru Jani is the protagonist of Gopinath Mohanty’s novel Paraja. He is a member of the Paraja
tribe, a marginalized community living in the forests of Odisha, India. The novel follows Sukru
Jani’s journey as he struggles to survive in a rapidly changing world that threatens to destroy his
way of life.
One of the most important roles that Sukru Jani plays in the novel is that of a representative for
his community. As a member of the Paraja tribe, he embodies their struggles and aspirations.
Through his experiences, we see how the encroachment of modern civilization into their
traditional way of life has devastating consequences for their community. Sukru Jani’s story is
not just his own but also that of his people.
Sukru Jani also serves as a symbol for the resilience and perseverance of the human spirit.
Despite facing numerous challenges and setbacks, he never gives up hope or loses sight of his
goals. He remains committed to providing for his family and protecting his community from
harm, even when it means going against powerful forces such as corrupt forest guards and
exploitative landlords.
Another important role that Sukru Jani plays in the novel is that of a catalyst for change. His
struggles and experiences inspire others around him to take action and fight for their rights. For
example, when he is falsely accused of stealing from a landlord, his fellow villagers rally around
him and demand justice. This incident leads to greater awareness among the Paraja people
about their rights and inspires them to stand up against oppression.
Finally, Sukru Jani serves as an embodiment of Mohanty’s message about the importance of
preserving traditional ways of life in the face of modernization. Through Sukru Jani’s story, we
see how modern civilization can destroy not just physical landscapes but also cultural ones. The
encroachment of modernity into traditional societies can lead to loss not just of livelihoods but
also of identity and community. Sukru Jani’s struggles to preserve his way of life are a reminder
of the importance of respecting and preserving cultural diversity.
In conclusion, Sukru Jani plays a multifaceted role in Paraja. He is not just a character but also
a representative, symbol, catalyst, and embodiment of the novel’s themes and messages.
Through his struggles and experiences, we see the challenges faced by marginalized
communities in the face of modernization and the importance of preserving traditional ways of
life.